tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45396856442652599462023-11-15T08:13:23.031-08:00Starting a college essayFire Officer Research Paper Safety Topicsmonsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-3959252433482747482020-08-25T05:18:00.001-07:002020-08-25T05:18:15.305-07:00Business strategy in transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsBusiness methodology in transport - Essay Example In this unique circumstance, it tends to be seen that the monetary downturn the same numerous different enterprises had influenced aircraft industry also. It can likewise be seen that separated from various advantages pervasive in the EU for beginning another aircraft specialist co-op, there are sure challenges that requires to be viewed as, for example, questionable financial situation, credit crunch, fluctuating fuel cost and capricious natural and climatic conditions. Because of these vulnerabilities, a couple of full-administration aircrafts in the EU had endured misfortunes. In spite of these specific blocks the development possibilities which have been seen in the EU area has opened up open doors for minimal effort specialist co-ops, for example, Ryan Air and EasyJet. In the EU there is a gigantic possibility of progress in movement and the travel industry segment which will give added development prospect to another carrier specialist co-op. Minimal effort administrators can t ake advantage of the current and planned situation to use advantage out of it (Case Study, n.d.). In this way, it very well may be seen that in the current situation in the EU, the minimal effort administrators are having the option to acquire benefits for the investors. In this unique circumstance, the exploration paper means to basically inspect the possibilities of a business visionary who attempts to set up a minimal effort booked carrier inside the EU. The course that has been chosen is among London and Amsterdam. It is recognized to be one of the most mainstream courses on an overall premise (Patrikarakos, 2009). The examination paper will consequently endeavor to break down the current business condition to recognize likely boundaries to the expected undertaking. Basic Analysis of the Business Prospect The proposed undertaking of the idealistic business visionary is towards beginning an amazing failure cost booked aircraft administration. From the gave contextual investigatio n, it very well may be seen that in the present financial setting (post-recessionary period), there is a generous development prospect for building up business in the new pursuit. It can likewise be distinguished that in the current setting, in the EU area, there are sure snags and misfortunes looked by full assistance bearer because of not many winning conditions. Consequently, the most encouraging development prospect that can be recognized is for the minimal effort administration transporters. The proposed undertaking can be begun in the EU as well as all through the world for example Amsterdam to London course, which can be one of the most development prospect arranged courses According to the goal of the business person, the new booked help will give minimal effort carrier administration in this specific course just at the initiation. It can likewise be expressed that the interest for administration is at the ideal level in this course. Consequently, another assistance has enor mous chance to secure advantages out of the development prospect which can be from business voyagers just as relaxation explorers who are probably going to utilize the administrations gave by the extraordinary failure cost booked carrier administration (Patrikarakos, 2009). The two air terminals that can be chosen for the planned aircraft administration are Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, which is the prime universal air terminal of the Netherlands, and Heathrow Airport of London, which is perhaps the busiest air terminal in the UK as well as on the planet (ACI World, 2011). In this specific circumstance, it very well may be distinguished that the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is arranged unimportant 14 km outside the city of Amsterdam. The monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-8529643976375388712020-08-22T03:23:00.001-07:002020-08-22T03:23:25.470-07:00Motorola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsMotorola - Case Study Example Moreover, the expanding request of items and administrations it offered from the beginning ends up being a striking open door in its part. This implies if this must be applied in the current setting, since Motorola has for some time been set up in its industry, the open door is that it gets the opportunity to cook the expanding and regularly changing business sector needs. Another open door for Motorola is the immense interest for items and administrations it is in line with at present. The presence of LG, Apple Incorporated, Nokia and other related organizations is a proof that the business where Motorola has a place is serious and is a decent setting to direct business that will keep going for long. Apple Incorporated is known for its exceptionally creative items. This implies there are more things to be found in the business where Motorola is locked in at present time. This implies an open door for Motorola to find and rediscover things all alone and acquaint them with the market. The previously mentioned open doors are significant for Motorola. Notwithstanding, there are likewise relating dangers that move against it. The primary noteworthy danger is a battling economy. The 2008 financial downturn end up being an astounding danger on account of Motorola. Financial condition is outside the bound of Motorolaââ¬â¢s control and it unquestionably has noteworthy effect on its part. Its money related steadiness has hushed up influenced by this. This came about to Motorolaââ¬â¢s battling cell phone business which further baffles its partners at the main concern. Another noteworthy danger is Motorolaââ¬â¢s contenders. The shifting vital moves of Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, LG Electronics, Apple Incorporated and others have enormously made differing upper hand in Motorolaââ¬â¢s industry. Every contender is attempting to make their own upper hand since they need to be significantly better than the remainder of the key players in th e business (Porter, 1990; Porter, 1998). For example, the motivation behind why Nokia was not totally hurt by the 2008 financial downturn was because of its capacity to successfully utilize its key acquisitions, organizations and industry driving in innovative work. Apple Incorporated then again is intending to be the top and driving organization of items in their most recent advancement. LG envisions client needs. Samsung is extremely forceful in its venture into creating markets while improving solid brand mindfulness for its top of the line items. Nonetheless, it didn't ignore the way that it needs to altogether deal with its mid-to-low range items to cook a wide scope of clients. Consider that the contenders of Motorola are critical dangers since they comprehend what they have to do in the market and they are unquestionably acceptable at making procedures that will push them up to their upper hand. B. Portray the organization's most unmistakable qualities and shortcomings. Motor olaââ¬â¢s qualities include its capacity to see completely the whole business and the changing needs of the market. This is because of the way that it is the spearheading organization in its industry. In this manner, it has striking thoughts that could be transformed into benefit. It has adequately made a name and has for quite some time been built up contrasted with its rivals. In this, it is extremely unlikely that it couldn't outperform the opposition. Along these lines, what it needs to do currently is seen what the contenders monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-13600296756691758982020-07-29T16:53:00.001-07:002020-07-29T16:53:02.557-07:00How Cities Get Made 5 Books On Cities Urban PlanningHow Cities Get Made 5 Books On Cities Urban Planning Cities are dirty. They smell bad. Theyâre packed with people, some of whom (particularly in the Summer) smell bad. This is a list a friend, who hates cities, made for me. Add to those the fact that the best cities, the ones everyone wants to live in, are economically polarized out of reach for all but the very rich or very poor. And that the worst ones, the cities no one wants to live in, are falling apart, economically depressed and often dangerous. Fraught with corruption, run by greed, populated by the homeless and the dispossessed it isnât hard to find the negatives to city life. You just have to look. So why then, if there is so much wrong with them, do some of us find cities endlessly fascinating? Maybe itâs the sense of adventure that comes just from walking around? Or that when you collect large groups of people into one geographic area things are guaranteed to happen? There is something to see on every sidewalk and a surprise waiting to be discovered around every corner. What I like best about cities is that they are malleable. Communities and neighborhoods are formed and unformed, often in cycles, and the shape they take is determined by those who live in them. Below is my list of books about how this happens. Itâs an entirely subjective list someone with a background in urban planning would come up with a much better one. The reason I chose these books is because they talk about how cities are shaped, who shapes them, and what we want (or should want) in the places we live. Theyâll make your feel empowered and, hopefully, inspire you to get involved. City Life by Witold Rybczynski is about the evolution of American cities, and as an introduction to the whole idea of urban planning itâs hard to beat. Rybczynski is an Emeritus Professor of architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, so no surprise that after decades of teaching he knows how to make this subject accessible and interesting for everyone. His prose is conversational, and he fills his book with anecdotes that will engage even the most casual readers. He discusses all the major cities New York, Chicago, D.C., Philadelphia, Boston and L.A. but he also takes the time to zoom out and place them within the context of how the country formed as a whole. He compares these cities to their European counterparts, explaining what makes them different and why. Rybcyzynski is thorough, without being pedantic. If thereâs a gateway drug to Urbanism, then City Life is it. Common Ground In a Liquid City: Essays In Defense of an Urban Future by Matt Hern is (like the title tells us) a book of essays. Hern is a resident of Vancouver and uses his hometown as a comparison point to explain the many cities he visits around the world. He zeroes in on the unique successes of each, the use of public squares by women in Istanbul and uses these examples to build a picture of what sustainable and livable cities look like. Published in 2010, Common Ground⦠deals directly with issues urban planners grapple with today: public transportation, environmentally conscious design, fair housing and the homogenization of the urban landscape as more and more cities become playgrounds for the rich. Hern makes his case cheerfully and his vision for the city of the future is a hopeful one. While thereâs nothing particularly mind-blowing about his arguments, heâs fun to read. Urban farms have become, if not exactly ubiquitous, a recognizable part of the urban landscape. Novella Carpenter was one of the pioneers. She planted a garden and eventually began raising livestock (turkeys, rabbits, bees and pigs) in a vacant lot in Oakland, California in 2005. Farm City: The Education of an Urban Farmer is her book about the experience. Hip, funny, and punk rock enough to be interesting, she begins with the sentence: âI have a farm on a dead-end street in the ghettoâ. This sets the tone for the entire book. By the end sheâll have you thinking of vacant lots in an entirely different way and looking online for your nearest community garden co-op. The way we think about cities today is due in a large part to Jane Jacobs and her understanding of what makes them work. The Death and Life of the Great American Cities has become the holy text of new urbanism. No surprise, since in many ways Jacobsâ was a visionary. She understood that crowded, pedestrian friendly streets are the lifeblood of a healthy city. That what happens on the sidewalk and in public spaces makes or breaks a neighborhood. She also realized that fair housing and economic diversity are essential to preserving the very character of city life that attracts so many of us (a lesson city planners are still learning in 2017). Because Jacobâs focuses mainly on her own neighborhood of Greenwich Village and she wrote the The Death and Life of the Great American Cities back in the sixties some of her examples are a bit dated. But the foundation of her argument still holds true today. Franco La Cecla is a bit of a crank. In Against Architecture, his book of essays against celebrity architects and blames them for most of the ills facing international cities today. La Cecla book will probably be the most difficult on this list for casual readers. His prose style is dense and it doesnât flow as well as the other writers Iâve included. But he takes a hard look at urban environments and, much like Jane Jacobs, demands that we think of them less in terms of aesthetic ideals and more as places where people live. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-5707190243071706872020-05-22T17:00:00.001-07:002020-05-22T17:00:04.458-07:00Case Study Whole Foods - 1155 Words Case Study assignment 1. What are the chief elements of the strategy that Whole Foods Market is pursuing? Fresh natural and organic foods and products with no preservatives or artificial ingredients. Promote healthier eating/lifestyle and increasing consumer knowledge/education of food safety, environment and how pesticides affect the land as well as the human body. 2. Is the strategy well matched to recent developments and conditions in the natural and organic foods segment of the food retailing industry? Yes the Whole Foods strategy has worked well for the company. They have good products and seem to have happy employees who also obtain shares in the company. They do not have much competition only on smaller scales or smallâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The store was small, the selection minimal and the prices were high. It seemed like the 7 Eleven of the organic food stores. These other stores provided from comparison also do not seem to have as many stores and/or the square footage that Whole Foods Market has. Whole foods seem to be on a much larger scale in location, product and store size then the other stores. And Whole Foods has also expanded to a few locations outside of the United States, where I saw no evidence of the other stores anywhere but a few locations in the USA. The company does have a winning strategy many people are willing to spend a few extra bucks to shop there for the better quality items that you get; the store outside of where I work is always crowded and many people I know shop there on a regular basis. I think the prepared foods and bakery is a big draw for people especially single people that want to eat good healthy/natural food, but do not have the time or need to cook the food themselves. Whole Foods prepared food section is an excellent option for them. Whole Foods Marketà ® and Wild Oats Marketsà ® are merging to better serve our shoppers who are seeking the very best in natural and organic products. www.wholefoodsmarket.com/stores/wildoats/ 7 Sep 08 7. What recommendations would you make to John Mackey regarding the actions that Whole Foods management needs to take to sustain the company s growth and financial performance? Appeal to aShow MoreRelatedWhole Foods Case Study1568 Words à |à 7 PagesNick Zawisa Strategic Management September 23, 2010 Case Study: Whole Foods Market Since 1980, Whole Foods Markets has grown from a small local store in Austin, Texas, to the largest retail chain of natural and organic foods in the United States. Whole Foods has been leading the natural and organic foods movement across the United States, working to gain acceptance among the growing number of consumers interested in eating healthier foods. The company has built a reputation for being selectiveRead MoreCase Study(Whole Foods)1481 Words à |à 6 Pages1.) The Whole Foods strategy seeks to provide products of the best quality to its customers by maintaining high standards that the farmers, organic growers must match. The strategy also involves providing best tasting food and foods that are fresh, wholesome and safe to eat. It also involves promoting organically grown foods to exercise their influence on the people and the industry. Customers are the most important stakeholders responsible for the growth of Whole Foods Market, thus satisfying theirRead MoreWhole Foods Case Study2408 Words à |à 10 PagesCase Analysis Whole Foods Market in 2010: Vision, Core Values, and Strategy By: Katie Hollar Baker College Online Case Analysis Whole Foods Market in 2010: Vision, Core Values, and Strategy Overview Whole Foods Market was established in Austin, Texas in 1980 as a natural and health food supermarket, and it has since become the worldââ¬â¢s largest supermarket chain in organic and natural foods. Whole Foods Market had 289 stores located in Canada, Great Britain, and predominantly in theRead MoreWhole foods case study Essay870 Words à |à 4 PagesNovember 27, 2013 HRM 598 Case Study Introduction Whole Foods Market, Inc. is the largest chain of natural foods supermarkets operating in the United States. Whole Foods has six core values that drive its company and they include; selling the highest quality natural and organic products, satisfying and delighting customers, supporting their Team Members (Whole Food Employees) happiness and growth, creating wealth through profits and growth, caring about the communities and our environment, creatingRead MoreEssay on Case Study-Whole Foods1284 Words à |à 6 Pages1. Whole Foods creates a narrow market niche by catering to the special needs and tastes of the consumer, thus, creating a differentiation-based advantage over competitors. By taking actions to acquire Wild Oats, Whole Foods has gained the competitive edge in the marketplace. 2. Recent developments and conditions in the natural and organic food industry can put a strain on the vision and strategy that John Mackey first set out to accomplish. However, part of a good business strategy is toRead MoreWhole Foods Inc Case Study1200 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction Industry Overview The Whole Foods Inc was founded in 1980 by john Mackey, from a local supermarket store on safe grocery. Since then, it has grown into the worldââ¬â¢s largest retail store all kinds of organic and natural foods. As of 2004, the annual sales were recorded as $8 billion. It has approximately 264 stores in the USA, 6 in Canada and 5 in the United Kingdom (Thomson, 2010). The headquarters are located on an 80,000 square feet flagship store in Austin, Texas. Over the yearsRead MoreCase Study : Whole Foods Market1370 Words à |à 6 Pages Performance Mangement-4013 Assignment Title: Whole Foods Market Report by: Kiranpal Mann Student #: c0645417 Date: 1st March 2016 Table of contentsRead MoreWhole Foods Case Study Essay1324 Words à |à 6 PagesWhole Foods Markets is a retailer of natural and organic foods. The company was founded by current CEO John Mackey who partnered with Craig Weller and Mark Skiles to merge their two natural food stores, Saferway and Clarkville Natural Grocery, resulting in the opening of the original Whole Foods Market on September 20, 1980. They had a 12,500 square foot store manned by 19 staff members. With a passion this industry, Mackey devised great visions, values, and strategies to take Whole Foods MarketsRead MoreWhole Foods Market Inc. Case Study Essay1200 Words à |à 5 PagesAccording to the Whole Foods Market Inc. case, study shows that Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats. It is the United States first certified organic grocer, which mean s it ensures, to National Organic Program standards, organic integrity of the heterogeneous products from the time they reach stores until they are placed in a shopping cart. Whole Foods Market Inc. openedRead MoreWhole Foods Operations Management Case Study1794 Words à |à 8 PagesWhole Foods Operations Management Case Study Assignment With the launch of the 365 brand, Whole Foods is hoping to target and bring in a younger, more hipster demographic of customers. Their hopes are that these younger, more price sensitive shoppers will grow with the brand, become accustomed to the organic, GMO-free selection, and will transition into customers of the regular, more expensive, Whole Foods stores as they grow in their careers and begin making more money. The most important challenge monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-3691701030637065702020-05-09T19:15:00.001-07:002020-05-09T19:15:02.573-07:00Nikola Tesla Topic Sentences for Essay Samples at a Glance Nikola Tesla Topic Sentences for Essay Samples at a Glance For those who have javascript disabled in your browser, the extra information is going to be displayed at the base of the webpage. The setting you decide on ought to be stored on your computer, and that means you may leave the site and they ought to be automatically restored when you come back to the page. The score for a certain vehicle can be observed on the details page under cost to have. Be cautious with shops asking for an excessive quantity of info. You only have to provide a buy by means of your title, address and payment info. 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A whole lot of his inventions didn't actually have any use at the moment, but became useful ages later. The boat could be supplied a number of commands so the steering, and propulsion could be controlled. Thus, there's a demand for Tesla Motors to take into consideration the ways that could bring in prospective clients and ensure them with free charging for life. It was deeply worried about the fact that people consume the earth's resources too quickly, so he wanted to make sure that energy was made from renewable sources. Nikola Tesla explained that radio waves from the planet's ionosphere can be sent anywhere on the planet. Tesla demonstrated events which were far beyond human comprehension. It had no choice but to abandon the project. It accepted a job under Tivadar Puskas in a Budapest telegraph company in 1880. Not only was it heavily involved in the development of electrical machinery and lighting, but he also made some significant discoveries in the newly developing world associated with Hertzian waves. Nikola Tesla Topic Sentences for Essay Samples Ideas You are able to write a very simple essay on the acceptable age to vote or appropriate age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. The scientific man doesn't aim at an immediate outcome. He began a lengthy, expensive and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to resist the choice. The matter of doctor-assisted suicide. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-63708970504660123202020-05-06T10:22:00.001-07:002020-05-06T10:22:03.889-07:00Analyse and present research information Free Essays The Yoga is perhaps one of the most usable devices on the market. It has a great keyboard, track pad, and touchstones, and can be used in multiple positions. 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Golden Messenger offers a Guaranteed Minimum Delivery Time (GMT): their deliveries, whether as-needs or scheduled, are on time or itââ¬â¢s free. If you need same day delivery, they are the business courier service to call. Messenger can help you tit your day-to-day business delivery and run-around needs in the Melbourne CAB and metropolitan area. They provide ad-hoc courier deliveries (Standard, Express and Priority), logistics solutions, banking (including pick-up and banking of cheeses) and mail runs. They can utilize a light Van, taxi truck, half-tone or one-tone van or tray to carry out permanent runs or contract transport. Golden Messenger also offers country and interstate parcel and mail courier services, whether your freight is a full or less-than-full truckload. They will manage all your intrastate and interstate rainspout needs, including carton delivery. Golden Messenger is a professional team of couriers with a focus on communication, operating 24 hours and 7 days to transport your deliveries on time. How to cite Analyse and present research information, Essays monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-68332209899854021422020-04-29T01:23:00.001-07:002020-04-29T01:23:02.431-07:00WHAT CAUSES A CRISIS Essays - Belief, Crisis, Security, WHAT CAUSES A CRISIS? Title of Paper : crisis Grade Received on Report : 92 WHAT CAUSES A CRISIS? Such a question may at first seem unanswerable because there are so many different kinds of unpleasant situations into which we humans can get ourselves. In one word, however, the real culprit is probably ignorance. Ignorance, as used here, does not imply a lack of formal education, since one frequently sees highly educated persons getting into serious personal crises. Real ignorance is a lack of understanding of the law of cause and effect in our own lives. Many of us seem to think that we can do whatever feels good--acquire wealth, achieve status, pursue romantic conquests, eat heartily, and so forth-- often at the expense of others, without ever having to concern ourselves with the consequences of such living. We foolishly ignore the karmic wisdom expressed in those popular phrases: "What goes around comes around." and "Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he also reap." Pain, unpleasant as it may be, is our stern benefactor. It teaches us vital lessons as to the conduct of our lives. Feeling pain means that something just isn't working and that it's time to change ourselves or get help through another's experience. Getting help is a wise first step toward overcoming ignorance. When we hurt and really need the help, we listen attentively with mind and heart. We begin to learn those lessons which will prevent us from getting into similar predicaments later on. Some of us have to suffer consequential pain over and over before we are finally ready to seek out its causes. But eventually we say "Enough!" and get to work. What if the crisis is not our fault, we might ask. Frequently a crisis victim who thinks himself to be blameless will lash out at society, chance, God, fate, the system, his family, or whatever other abstraction it is most convenient to blame. But the threads of cause and effect are many and multicolored. Our puny minds can hardly know for sure how or when an effect will blossom from a previous cause, nor what combinations of circumstances are being dealt to us by our own past choices. We are the masters of our future because we are free beings, but we are equally the slaves of our past and must pay folly's price. Helpers in many different roles are available to give us the timely aid we need when in crisis. There are friends, psychiatrists, pastors, counselors, teachers, crisis line operators, doctors, nurses, social workers, and numerous other sources of reeducation when we are up against a wall. If we will only ask them, they can help us overcome that ignorance which has, at least in part, caused us our present agony. Situations are many and varied, but it is safe to say that a situation never becomes a crisis until it involves pain. Pain spurs us on to ask, and exactly at that point is where solid and beneficial learning can begin. Whatever our diplomas and degrees, this is the only real learning. It is this learning that sets us free. Ignorance, mistakes, pain, learning, freedom--so goes the eternal cycle of human evolution. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-26808042074213986632020-03-20T09:30:00.001-07:002020-03-20T09:30:03.130-07:00How To Set Deadlines To Make Your Team More EfficientHow To Set Deadlines To Make Your Team More Efficient Youre blogging for obvious reasons: Yourà blog is a really powerful tool. On one hand, it acts as an SEO tool to bring your business website more traffic, while on the other, it provides useful information that helps establish your brand and build trust. And that helps turn your readers into paying customers. But blog posts are comprised of multiple components, so they require multiple people- or for one person to wear many hats- in order for the right keywords, ideas, text, images, and marketing to come together and workà as a cohesive unit. So how to set deadlines and work as a collaborative team to create awesome content is a challenge. But heres exactly how you can rock a content creation process that works for your team- from how to set deadlines and assignà roles to actually creatingà the collaborative blog post. How To Set Deadlines To Make You (And Your Team) More Efficient via @titanwebagency1. Establish Blogging Goals And Guidelines Before you start blogging, you need to establish goals for your blogging team so they have some guiding principles that will inform their work. What do you hope to accomplish with your blog? Some examples of good goals for a blog are: Increase organic traffic to website as part of a comprehensive content marketing campaign. Build your organizationââ¬â¢s reputation as a trusted source of information in your industry. Connect with potential customers in your target audience. Create original material to publish to social media outlets. In addition to establishing some broad goals, such as getting more Web traffic, you should also have some specific blogging guidelines for your team. Some examples of these might include: How many words each post should have. How many links/images/keyword uses/etc. each post should have. How often blog posts need to be published (editorial calendar). Where to find appropriate images for the blog. Writing tone/grammar/style guidelines. Information about the target audience you are writing for. By establishing goals and guidelines for your blog, you create a foundation that will help shape your blog and ensure that all team members are on the same page. If everyone on the team understands what you hope to accomplish with your blog and how you want them to do it, this will eliminate the need for extensive rewriting, editing, and other issues down the road. Start #blogging by turning your goals into #blog posts. #contentmarketing2. Make Sure Everyone Knows Their Role When you imagine how a blog post is created, you might think of a single person, typing away in solitude- the blogger. However, effective business blog posts often require several people to work together in a collaborative environment. Usually, itââ¬â¢s most effective for the roles to be split between two or three people, though sometimes one (very busy!) person may fulfill all roles. Here are some of typical roles that go into blog post creation: Project manager: This person assigns all tasks and sets deadlines. Topic and keyword generator: This person is responsible for finding blog topics and doing research to determine the best keywords and title to use. This person may also be the project manager. Content writer: This person is responsible for writing the content, which should incorporate the ideas, keywords, title, etc., as given to them by the project manager or topic/keyword generator. Content editor: This person checks and fixes the contentââ¬â¢s grammar before the post is published. Image-finder and blog publisher: The accompanying images (and image tags) are essential for a good blog post. Someone must be responsible for finding these images and securing the necessary copyrights. This same person is often also in charge of actually posting the blog (typically using a content management systemà likeà WordPress) and making sure everything looks as it should. Promoter: A blog post is not worth much if no one ever reads it. Someone needs to promote your blog on social media, posting links to it across different sites and social media platforms. These marketing team roles may differ somewhat from one team to the next, but the point is that everyone involved is responsible for a particular task so that nothing gets left by the wayside. Make sure everyone involved in #blogging is responsible for a particular task so nothing is missed.Itââ¬â¢s also good to have team members that can fulfill multiple roles if needed. For example, if your main writer is out of town one week, the editor should be able to step in and fulfill her role. 3. Set Deadlines Your Team Can- And Will- Actually Meet Everything youve done so far- setting goals, guidelines, and roles- has led up to how to set deadlines that are realistic and achievable for your team. Once everyone knows their role in creating a blog post, you need to set deadlines to make sure each team member actually completes their assigned task, and that they do so in a timely matter. After all, you should be publishing a new blog post every one to two weeks, so timeliness is key. In todayââ¬â¢s mostly virtual workplace, the best way to set deadlines and make sure everyone is on task is by usingà a project management tool like . With , you can manage all communications regarding the blog in one place, and ensure all tasks and subtasks are completed on time. helps teams collaborate together on content marketing projects like blogging, social media, and events. The tool allows teams to assign different tasks to multiple people working on a given project, while minimizing the use of email. You can use to assign tasks and deadlines to your entire team.à This is an actual example of the workflow we use at ! Based on role, you can customize your workflow, set deadlines for each team members unique tasks, and comment back and forth to the team right in . What Does A Successful Collaborative Blog Post Look Like? So, youââ¬â¢ve put together a team and theyââ¬â¢ve started to publish blogs. But how do you know if these blogs are any good? Well first, youââ¬â¢ve got to make sure they have specific instructions. All of our writers know exactly what is expected with each blog post, including, but not limited to: Word count Tone of article Number of inbound and outbound links Types of images to use And moreâ⬠¦. Think of the things youd have to include in a perfect Write For Us page. Letââ¬â¢s dive into it a bit deeper. Okay, so, what qualities do effective blog posts have? Good blog posts have multiple visuals. Custom images, illustrative screenshots, and photographs of real people are best (as opposed to stock photos). The guidelines for our writers specify how many images, and the types of images that are appropriate for the blog post. Good blog posts are easy to read. Content should be broken down into multiple sections with multiple headers and sub-headers. Bullet points and numbered lists are much easier to read than a big wall-o-text. Good blog posts are optimized for SEO. Posts will integrate keyword research in a natural, organic way. Good blog posts have links. Make sure your blog post links to other resources for further reading, including previous blog posts youââ¬â¢ve published. Where possible, you should also link to studies and statistics that reinforce the points you make in your blog. Good blog posts are original and engaging. This means that they shouldnââ¬â¢t have any re-hashed content from other blogs. They need to have original ideas and be written in a fresh, engaging manner. Good blog posts have proper grammar. If you want your blog to be successful, a blog post with bad grammar is simply unacceptable. Make sure all writers and editors are up to par and donââ¬â¢t have sloppy writing habits. Good blog posts have great titles. Having a catchy title is crucial if you want your blog to do well on search engines. If you need help you can use a headline analyzer or a blog topic generator. Donââ¬â¢t Forget About Guest Blogging While not every blog post will require a guest blogger, this is another important role that makes your blog a group effort. As a guest blogger- someone who writes a post for a website other than their own- I am able to gain exposure and Web traffic for my business through new outlets, and allow new audiences to get to know me. Another great thing about guest blogging is that it is a two-way street, meaning that I often receive a guest blog post from the site Iââ¬â¢m writing one for. This helps me meet my own content needs and also get some fresh and interesting perspectives for my blog. This is a great way to divvy up the work for your team, which puts a little less strain on some of your deadlines. Remember: Your Blog Is A Work In Progress Having one good blog post is certainly an accomplishment, but in order for your blog make a lasting impact that furthers your organizationââ¬â¢s goals, you need to publish great blog posts on a regular basis. That means knowing how to set deadlines each team member meets. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-88540320509832699602020-03-04T01:16:00.001-08:002020-03-04T01:16:04.111-08:0017 Creative Ways to Celebrate a College Birthday17 Creative Ways to Celebrate a College Birthday Celebrating a birthday is a great chance to take a break from the usual rigors of college life. Of course, planning a birthday celebration might seem time-consuming or expensive, but it doesnt have to be. Even in the smallest of college towns, there are probably plenty of events you can turn into a birthday outing (that dont include the traditional group outing to a restaurant). Here are some ideas that can work with a variety of schedules and budgets. 1. Go to a Museum Youre in college and its your birthday - be as nerdy as you want. Head to an art museum, a museum of natural history, a local aquarium or whatever youll find most enjoyable. Museums can be a great way to take a break from the chaos of college while still doing something interesting and engaging. (Remember to bring your ID ask about a student discount.) 2. Attend (or Participate in) a Poetry Slam Whether you just want to watch or are interested in performing, poetry slams can be a lot of fun. See whats happening on your campus or in your community and enjoy a fun evening out that promises to be a one-of-a-kind experience. 3. Do Something Physical If you want to do something physical for your birthday, get creative. See if a local gym offers special classes, like aerial yoga or a ropes course you can do with your friends. Some community organizations also offer really zany classes, like bungee jumping, skydiving or even circus-training classes. Given how much you sit in class and study all day, pushing your body to its limits can be a great way to celebrate getting older. 4. Go to the Movies Catching up on the latest movies can be a fun way to spend an afternoon - or even a morning. Mix things up a bit and grab breakfast and a movie with some friends to start your birthday off in a fun, nontraditional, but still enjoyable way. 5. Head to an Athletic Game It could be a hockey game in your college town, a football game on your campus or something small like your friends intramural rugby game. Regardless, rooting for your team and hanging out with a large crowd just might be what you need for a birthday celebration. Treat yourself to something from the concession stand or pack snacks to give the event a more celebratory feel. 6. Celebrate With Some Time Alone College is fun, but there arent t a lot of opportunities to enjoy solitude. Doing something quiet - whether its on campus or away - like getting a massage, going for a long run or meditating can be rejuvenating, if not downright healthy for you. 7. Treat Yourself to Some Self-Careà Students spend a lot of time focusing on external things - class requirements, jobs, cocurricular obligations - and they sometimes forget to focus a little on themselves. Treat yourself to something that focuses on you for a change, like a pedicure and a wax or a haircut and a shave. You can even call ahead to see if your friends can make appointments with you. 8. Head Out for a Brewery Tour If youre over 21 (or turning 21), consider going on a brewery or distillery tour. In addition to learning all kinds of interesting facts about how beverages are made, youll get some free samples and enjoy an afternoon doing something that you might otherwise not have done. 9. Get a Behind-the-Scenes Look at Your Favorite Local Destination Not everyone knows that, for example, you can get a tour of major league baseball stadiums or the local zoo. See whats open during your birthday and what you can arrange in advance. 10. Go Homeà Theres nothing wrong with ditching your hectic campus life and heading home for your own bed, your familys home cooking and some good ol RR. You work hard in college and treating yourself to the luxuries of home, however simple they may be, is a great way to reward yourself. 11. Do Something Quiet on Campus Planning an off-campus adventure can be stressful - not what you need on your birthday. Dont be shy about spending some quiet time on campus, going for a walk or run, journaling or hanging out in a coffee shop. 12. Do Something Romantic With Your Partner If youre dating and your partner is around, try to spend the day doing something romantic together. Sure, heading out to dinner is nice, but dont be afraid to mix it up a little, too. Head to a nearby town and go exploring. Do something new youve never done together. Make a scavenger hunt for each other. No matter what you end up doing, just enjoy each others company. 13. Celebrate at a Big Campus Party So the biggest fraternity on campus is throwing their biggest party of the year smack dab on your birthday. Just because they didnt plan it that way doesnt mean you cant take advantage of the situation. Let everyone elses hard work be yourà birthday gift! 14. Spend Some Quality Time With a Few Good Friends Many people make lifelong friends in college. If you already know who these people are going to be, get em together and do something simple but enjoyable. Plan a picnic, go for a hike, coordinate a game night or spend time doing something creative together. 15. Volunteer Off Campusà Think about how you feel after you volunteer. You always finish feeling amazing, proud, humbled, energized and overall awesome, right? Well, why not treat yourself to that rock-star feeling on your birthday? Grab some friends and find a place to volunteer where you can work together and support a great cause. 16. Dont Do Any Homework You have 364 other days to focus on homework. Plan your time wisely in advance so that you dont have to do any homework on your birthday. After all, when was the last time you didnt even think about reading, writing a paper, doing a lab report or researching a project? If you plan well enough in advance, you can enjoy the day by letting your brain not even think (or feel guilty!) about completely avoiding your homework situation. 17. Do Something Creative You can easily fall into the routine of only producing creative pieces when you need to for a class or club requirement. On your birthday, however, treat yourself to doing something creative just for the sake of being creative. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-65795369821139969662020-02-16T16:40:00.001-08:002020-02-16T16:40:03.406-08:00Misogynistic portrayals of women in Othello EssayMisogynistic portrayals of women in Othello - Essay Example In Shakespeares celebrated play Othello we find three women who play vital role. Towards the end of the play we find that only one woman survives. All the three women are deprived of an identity in the play. We find that all the three women are either married or maintaining relationship with a male. During the time when the play was written, women exercised no power in the society. The Venetian society maintained a hierarchy in which men possessed all powers and women were considered inferior to men. In Othello we find Bianca, Emilia, and Desdemona being in relation with the male characters Cassio, Iago and Othello. In those days women were considered as creatures with no intellectual power. However we find that the women characters of the play speak sense throughout the play. Women characters are also found trusting other characters. All the women characters of the play represent a specific social level. Desdemona represents the highest social level and Bianca represents the lowest social level. Each sexual relationship initiates some feeling of jealousy between the couple. Bianca is not frequently found in the play like other characters. However, her presence is crucial in the matter of death of Desdemona and other crucial matters. Iago considers her as a prostitute. Even though she fell in love with Cassio, we never find Cassio acknowledging her affection because of his desire for status. He knew that her social standing would highly influence this matter. She is found to be extremely jealous in this relationship. We find Iago using Biancaââ¬â¢s name to trigger the entire confusion in the play. This finally led to the tragedy end of the play. Regarding Emilia we find that she never questions Iago when she gives handkerchief to him. This shows the womenââ¬â¢s ability to trust. However she is also found to be ignorant of the whole story till the end of the play. Her life comes to a sudden end, in the hands of her husband. She monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-8979613069483268262020-02-02T22:39:00.001-08:002020-02-02T22:39:03.195-08:00REMEDIES LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsREMEDIES LAW - Essay Example In considering the impact of blame culture, this study will reflect on the attitudes of judges when being asked to apportion liability, and examine case law in this area in order to explore whether recent cases demonstrate reluctance or willingness on the part of judges with regard to the apportioning of blame. Mullender (2006) suggests that the culture of blame might stem from the emergence of professional negligence claims and personal injury claims. In his study he noted that judges had become aware of a rise in the number of claims, some of which appeared to be fake. In McLoughlin v Oââ¬â¢Brien [1982]1 Lord Wilberforce warned that ââ¬Ëâ⬠¦such an extension may lead to a proliferation of claims, and possibly fraudulent claims, to the establishment of an industry of lawyers and psychiatrists who will formulate a claim for nervous shock damages, including what in America is called the customary miscarriage, for all, or many, road accidents and industrial accidentsââ¬â¢. ââ¬ËBlame cultureââ¬â¢ focuses on the need to hold someone accountable for what might otherwise have been considered a mere accident. Atiyah (1997) suggests that the culture of blame exists not only in claims for personal injuries and losses, but also in the criminal sphere, where there is a desperate need to find the person responsible for the crime that has been committed, and to see them punished for their wrongdoing. Vines (2008) argues that previously an injured party would have been prepared to accept an apology for the accident as suitable recompense for the harm caused, but with the insurgence of the ââ¬Ëcompensation cultureââ¬â¢, apologies are often construed as admissions of guilt, and used in order to claim monetary compensation for the harm. The UK government has attempted to address this assumption through s2 of the Compensation Act 2006 which states that This does not stop the court allowing the adducing of such admissions in court, but is monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-42105981593441460772020-01-25T19:03:00.001-08:002020-01-25T19:03:05.179-08:00Offshore Drilling Impacts And Solutions Environmental Sciences EssayOffshore Drilling Impacts And Solutions Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, there is a growing demand for hydrocarbons in the world market. This study was to determine the impacts of offshore drilling to the aquatic lives and methods to reduce it. Offshore drilling is the process to discover the hydrocarbons by drilling exploratory boreholes or wells on the seabed. The ocean is not that vast to dilute all the chemicals that had been discarding to it. The chemicals that remained in the sea are called pollutant. This research paper will discussed three main impacts of offshore drilling and three suggested solutions to reduce it. The three impacts are offshore drilling operation noises will destructed marine lives, improper disposal of waste products will poisoned marine lives, and oil spill accidents will gradually killed marine lives. As human is at the top of the food chain, which receives the greatest impact, should find solutions to save ourselves. The three suggested solutions are government and organizations should enhance the rules and policie s respectively, professionals should consider accepting Khan and Islams five sustainable management models and try to work them out, and professionals should use their knowledge to improve monitoring and develop strategies. Therefore, concluded that human should try to protect the marine lives from being sacrifice because of us. Offshore Drilling: Impacts and Solutions Petroleum hydrocarbons play a very important role in society (Khan Islam, 2008). Nowadays, people tend to rely very much on the use of gas, petrol and oil. Hence, the growing demand for petroleum hydrocarbons on the world market has cause the development and production of oil resources to grow rapidly (The Prevention of Pollution from Offshore Installations, 2002). Gbadebo, Taiwo and Eughele (2010) stated that the only way to confirm the presence of hydrocarbons in an identified promising geological structure is to drill exploratory boreholes or wells (p.284). It is well known and generally accepted that the waste products of the offshore drilling activities are usually dumped into the sea (Khan Islam, 2008). The ocean is not as vast as people thought. It could not dilute all the chemicals that had been disposing to it, thus, the waste products of offshore drilling and the oil spill accidents are actually causing pollution to the ocean (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). The main purpo se of this research paper is to identify the consequences of offshore drilling to the marine lives and solutions to reduce it. Practicing offshore drilling will gradually disturb the communication calls of marine lives (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012), improper disposal of chemical waste products will toxic the marine species (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010), and oil spill accident will cause deaths of a wide variety of marine species. Therefore, we have come out with some suggestions to decrease the pollution level. Government and concerned organizations should enhance the rules and reinforce the policies (Amos, 2011); professionals should consider to adopt the theoretical idea of the five sustainable management models of Khan and Islam (Khan Islam, 2008), and scientists and professionals should use their knowledge to improve monitoring and continue to develop pollution source-reduction strategies (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). Very few people actually realize that the operating noise produce from offshore oil drilling can put aquatic animals lives at risk (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). There are approximately 119 species of aquatic animals use sound as their primary sense (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). They use sound to communicate, navigate and forage (Pollution in the ocean). However, the loud noise made by the drilling operations of offshore oil and gas production and other noises generated by human activities will confuse them, hence, causing them to do abnormal things such as stranding. According to The National Academies, in March 2000, fourteen beaked whales and two minke whales became stranded; six of the beaked whales died (Pollution in the Ocean). Autopsies revealed three of the beached whales bleeding in the inner ears and one whale has inner bleeding in its brain (Pollution in the Ocean). Many of the impacts of offshore activities on marine environments are inconstant, as the complicated relations between many types of species in marine ecosystems and difficulties associated with conducting research at depth (Amos, 2011). Thus, there is still lacking of scientific evidence to prove the actual impact of the short and long term effects of noise on marine mammals. Nonetheless, we can still assure that the noises of sea activities had disrupted the sense of the marine mammals, causing them to have difficulties to communicate, navigate, and forage. In addition, the public are very concern about the improper disposals of chemical waste products. This is because they afraid that the marine species will get poisoned and they afraid of eating them (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010). The accumulated toxicity in the fish can cause illness, sometimes fatal, to anything or anyone that consumed it; thus, will destroying the food chain and reproductive cycle (Rose, 2009). According to American petroleum institute (API) (1989) as cited in Khan Islam (2008), both the well cuttings and the drilling fluids compose about 2% of the total exploratory wastes. Besides, there were two recent studies do research on the impact of drill cuttings from offshore installations on corals and marine worms (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). The first result shows that the coral were able to withstand and self-clean in short period of time; however, the coral will smother and started to die over weeks (Offshore exploration and exploitation in the Mediterranean). Whereas, the second result shows that the populations of marine worms are decreasing when exposed to concentrations of barium, which is a similar heavy metal in drill cuttings. Taking Dibi and Ewan offshore wells as background, the result shows that the concentrations of various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed in cuttings from both oil wells are very high (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010). If the drilling wastes are not discharged properly, it will endanger the marine lives and also our health (Gbadebo et al.). The results of heavy metals analyses also tell us that the concentrations in the cuttings and mud are high, which could lead to bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (Gbadebo et al.). If anyone accidentally eats those aquatic organisms, he or she might get sick easily. The problems of oil spill accident happened around the world (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). Oil spill accident, such as the disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, causes deaths of a wide variety of marine species (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). When there is a quick flow and concentrated oil during a spill makes them especially harmful to localized marine organisms and communities, plants and animals that coated with oil will cause them to die (Rose, 2009). Oil that covered the surface of the animals, such as sea gull, cannot keep its body warm will die in the Artic; whereas, when there is a layer of oil covered the surface of sea, sunlight will be difficult to reach the the seabed. Since it needs a long time to recover the sea, the plants and animals live on seabed will gradually die. Therefore, in June 2010, National Energy Board (NEB), Canadas federal energy regulator, organized a review of safety and environmental protection requirements for Canadian Arctic offshore drilling for oil and gas (Amos, 2011). Despite the great economic and social benefits, public also concern about the solutions to reduce the impact of offshore drilling activity (Khan Islam, 2008). Government and related organizations should strengthen the rules and improve the policies (Amos, 2011). Government should always transmit positive feedback to the public when a new method is in probation (Pollution in the ocean, 2007). This is to convince and to increase peoples confidence level towards that new method. Given the disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, NEB should learnt the lesson and strengthen the offshore drilling safety requirements (Amos, 2011). In order to strengthen the rules applied to future Arctic offshore exploration NEB should maintain the capability requirement of same season relief well (SSRW), improves policy, regulatory and liability requirements; polish the comprehensive filing requisites for future applications for offshore drilling requiring thorough ecological baseline studies (Amos). Khan and Islam had reviewed the new environmental management techniques on solving the existing problems of offshore oil and gas drilling. Professionals should consider adopting the theoretical idea of the five sustainable management models, which were marine protected areas in oil sites (MPAOS), ocean fertilization and CO2 utilization (OFCU), integrated coastal pollution balancing (ICPB), artificial recruitment in fisheries (ARFS), and artificial rigs from oil rigs (AROR) (Khan Islam, 2008). Professionals should take a look on the idea of them to generate more applicable methods for reducing the level of pollution in ocean. Scientists should choose the applicable theory to undergo experimental studies, understand how these proposals will function in real ecosystem context. MPAOS model is to designate an oil site as a protected area (Khan Islam, 2008). This could protect and improve fisheries production. Since the fishes are protected, hence, we no need worry about the toxicity of the fishes. Secondly, OFCU model is the idea of balancing carbon dioxide emissions by sinking enough organic carbon in the ocean bottom. Thirdly, ICPB model is to apply the principle of bioremediation or food web enhancement to utilize the runoff oils and pollution through balancing ecosystem components. Fourthly, ARFS model is the idea of compensate the fisheries production of certain species in a targeted area and to restore the stocks. Lastly, AROR is the idea to keep the original sites of the abandoned rigs to establish a reef community or transported to another planned site. The models are following the principle of natural functions in marine environment and take into account ecological, biological, and technological factors (Khan Islam). The impact of offshore drilling will be lightening by applying these five models. Professionals should use their knowledge to improve monitoring and continue to develop pollution source-reduction strategies (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). It is difficult to clean up oil spills. In those days, people use complicated method such as water shut-off, bottom separation and down-hole separation of oil and water (The prevention of pollution from offshore installations, 2002). Nowadays, they usually use biological agents to break down the oil, use materials that absorb oil, and gelling agents that make oil easier to skim from the surface. People also physically clean up the spills by using high- pressure water hoses on shores and cleaning oil off from animals (Pollution in the Ocean). These methods were used because of the improvement of technologies and sciences. Therefore, the professionals should work hard to figure out easier method to solve the oil spill problem. Scientists should work together to find the solutions from reduce the harm towards the living organisms in the sea; whereas, the technicians should invent other types of machine that will do less harm to the environment (Tyack, 2008). In conclusion, human should safe the marine species because the innocent marine lives are suffering because of our selfishness. We should know that practicing offshore drilling will disrupt the main sense of marine lives to hunt, communicate and navigate (Offshore Exploration and Exploitation in the Mediterranean, 2012). In addition, improper disposal of chemical waste products of offshore drilling will toxic the marine lives (Gbadebo, Taiwo Eughele, 2010). Moreover, oil spill accident will cause deaths of a wide variety of marine species. Considering human is at the top of the food chain, which will receives the greatest impact, we should stand up and do something for rescue ourselves. Thus, government and concerned organizations should strengthen the rules and improve the policies (Amos, 2011). Furthermore, professionals should consider to accept and carry out the theoretical idea of the five sustainable management models (Khan Islam, 2008). Additionally, scientists and professio nals should use their knowledge to improve and develop pollution source-reduction strategies (Pollution in the Ocean, 2007). monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-68714311908052637152020-01-17T15:27:00.001-08:002020-01-17T15:27:03.097-08:00Family Values PaperFamily is a term that can be interpreted differently by every individual, as it defines itself by oneââ¬â¢s personal experiences and expectations. In health care, one would define a family as a support system to an individual in a state of compromised health. The family role in the health care setting can vary based on the patientââ¬â¢s condition. In the intensive care unit the families play a large role especially, for those individuals whom lose his or her ability to provide self-care and make self-care decisions.As a health care provider it is important to understand the role of family system, family concept, and the application of an appropriate family nursing theory. Family System/Concept of Family For a family system to have a positive role in the intensive care unit the family must serve as a system in support of the individual family member. The family often plays a role in the plan of care, as the individual suffering the illness cannot serve as the sole provider of se lf-care.In some cases the ill individual cannot play a role in self-care. The family can play a role in the individualââ¬â¢s recovery by coming together as one to support healing, or simply identifying, and achieving individual health goals. All individuals in the intensive care unit develop a plan of care with the assistance of a multi-disciplinary team, including nursing, physicians, social work, and case management. In some cases end-of-life ecisions must be made primarily based on known individual wishes or documents, and the support of the family. Even when a patient in the intensive care unit has an opportunity for a positive outcome there are difficult decisions, difficult messages, and difficult conversations to be had. According to a study completed by Caroline Williams; the family plays a larger role than providing information about the individual; including emotional support to the patient, and a positive psychological effect (Williams, 2005).In the situation which a f amily members health is compromised to the level that they need to be in the intensive care unit, not only does the family need to come together to serve as a support for the patient, but also a support for one another. As health care providers one must serve a role in this process as well. According to Damboise and Cardin, the familyââ¬â¢s needs include; information, reassurance, support, and the need to be near the patient (2003).Family Nursing Theory. Oremââ¬â¢s Self Care Model of Nursing involves the understanding that patients not only have the ability, but also the right, and responsibility to care for themselves (Clark, 1986). One believes that Oremââ¬â¢s model is important in the intensive care setting, often-times we rely too heavily on the families and support personnel, and forget to rely on the theoretical framework to encourage and guide the individual to provide self-care and make self-care decisions (Orem, 2001).When an individual is cannot provide self-care, as often is the case in the critical care setting it is important for the family to approach oneself needs as a system. One believes it is important for the family to understand the complexity of the self-care needs. Decisions for plan of care can be based on what the family perceives as the individual needs, which can be a deception of reality if nursing and health care personnel are solely providing such care needs. Many families visit the hospital and see the best of the patients day.The health care professional provide all self-care; they never see the patient struggle to take a bite of food, be cleaned up from numerous incidents of incontinence, or the struggle to get he or she into the chair prior to his or her visit. When this happens, the familiesââ¬â¢ reality of taking the individual home does not seem so unreachable. It is when the family plays an active role in such activities that they see the reality of providing care to an individual with debilitating health condit ions. By managing ones hospital stay be Oremââ¬â¢s Self Care Model, a family can make educated decisions on the plan of care.Conclusion Anytime an individual is in the hospital no matter what level of care the emotional stress on the individual and family can be very overwhelming. By supporting the individual with the concept of the family as a system, one is on track for the best outcomes. In some cases the best possible outcome is making a difficult decision to maintain the integrity of the individual involved. By practicing nursing care based on theories such as Oremââ¬â¢s we can ensure that one has done everything he or she can do to support positive individual outcomes. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-52140291147798334402020-01-09T11:49:00.001-08:002020-01-09T11:49:03.561-08:00How The Social Determinants Of Health Have A Direct Impact... Education has an imperative correlation to health outcomes. The following presented case study will demonstrate an example of how the social determinants of health have a direct impact on health status. Mrs. Smith is a 68-year-old female who was bad a diagnosis of type I diabetes for 37 years. She has developed a pressure ulcer on her left foot, which has increasingly worsened and become necrotic in certain areas. She has had uncontrolled diabetes for many years and often does not prescribe to her medication regiment ââ¬Å"because those things donââ¬â¢t really work anyways.â⬠She often has difficulties self-administering her insulin doses or understanding which dosage she should take of the short-acting insulin. Additionally, she has had a poorâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This is often related to the fact that education increases income, employment and provides greater job security. Education also produces enhanced literacy. This allows for individuals to better comprehend the societal aspects that impact their health. Additionally, by having greater literacy, a patient can advocate for their health, implement healthier lifestyle choices and seek out resources to enhance their health (Mikkonen, Raphael, 2010). The literature also demonstrates that with poor education there are increase hospitalization rates, increased use of emergency services and medication are not taken as directed (blackboard). Therefore Mrs. Smith was admitted to hospital for a foot ulcer due to complications related to diabetes mellitus. Recommendations for Change at Level of HCP The recommendations for change to practice at the level of the provider would include first treating the underlying problem that Mrs. Smith was admitted for. According to the literature, a progressively worsening diabetic foot ulcer involves implementing a multitude of strategies to prevent amputation of the limb. This allow for decreased rates in mortality and can increase quality of life. Adequate wound management such as debridement, and offloading techniques should be instilled. Furthermore, education by the provider would be of critical importance for Mrs. Smith in terms of consistent foot care and management of her disease process (Yazdanpanah, Nasiri, Adarvishi, 2015). DueShow MoreRelatedDeterminants Of Health And Health Of Canada Essay1394 Words à |à 6 PagesDeterminants of health are specific categories in a person s life which impact their mental and physical health. Brought into light by a report produced for the Government of Canada by the minister of national healt h and welfare Marc Lalonde in 1974 titled A new perspective on the health of Canadians Ottawa. The report sought to move healthcare in Canada from a purely physiological process into one which included preventative measures from environment and lifestyle. This behavioural approach wasRead MoreA Model of Determinents of Health751 Words à |à 3 PagesA determinant of health refers to an aspect that leads to change in health status,either for the benefit or non-benefit (Keleher and Murphy, 2004). In this perspective a model was introduce in 1991.In the following paragraphs, we will discuss this model and relation of all determinants with each other, Ie choose education determinant out of living and working conditions layer of the model and further i shall give explanation on about this determinant to health and wellness. Furtherdown, there willRead MoreIncome Inequality And Low Socioeconomic Status795 Words à |à 4 Pagesand population health experts have researched and analyzed t he issue of income inequality and low socioeconomic status and how it relates to oneââ¬â¢s health conditions. Across the globe, income has a major impact on the quality of other determinants of health, such as housing, food security and other basic prerequisites for health (Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010). Socioeconomic status (SES) can impact an individualââ¬â¢s health through factors such as control over material resources, social and political powerRead MoreUnnatural Causes : Is Inequality Making Us Sick1466 Words à |à 6 Pagesbetween socioeconomic status and health, it was said that college graduates live 2.5 years longer than high school graduatesâ⬠(California Newsreel, 2008). This documentary illustrated how oneââ¬â¢s level of education not only impacts their quality of life, but also impacts the duration of oneââ¬â¢s life. This video was very surprising, instructive, informative, depressing and occasionally infuriating. I have always known that there were a lot of factors that influence ones health, but I had never reallyRead MoreThe Mortality Of Maternal Mortality1496 Words à |à 6 Pagesprioritization of women s health and threatens the health and survival of families, young children, and even the communities in which they live (Royston and Armstrong, 1989). Maternal mortality is unacceptably high (WHO, 2015b). Globally, approximately 830 women die every day from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications (ibid.). The causes of maternal mortality are predominately preventable and can be classified into three fundamental causes: (1) medical - consisting of direct medical problems andRead MoreInside Type 2 Diabetes Essay1735 Words à |à 7 Pagesactive lifestyle can stem from the social determinants of health, including ones social background, lifestyle, the environment in which they live and th e economic. Oneââ¬â¢s health and health needs can be affected due to inequalities and diversity within the health system and the available access to facilities and support (REFERENCE). Discrimination and determinants of life takes an added toll on the health of people with type 2 diabetes, ââ¬Ëdiabetes is strongly linked to social and economic disadvantage, andRead MoreUnnatural Causes Essay1061 Words à |à 5 Pagespeople believe, Americaââ¬â¢s health status is not quite ââ¬Å"up-to-par,â⬠to say the least. Over forty-seven million people in the United States lack health insurance; that is more than 15% of our nationââ¬â¢s population! At first this disturbing truth seems impossible to believe, being as America is one of the most technologically advanced and economically developed countries in the world. ââ¬Å"We spend trillions of dollars per year on medical care. Thatââ¬â¢s nearly half of all the health dollars spent in the worldRead MoreThe Social Determina nts Of Health1555 Words à |à 7 Pagespeople, has had a tremendous impact comprehensively. After so, this contact decimated every aspect of the Indigenous way of life. The health and well-being of Indigenous people initiated to worsen severely not only in the physical aspect but also mental. According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within Canada. Within these Aboriginal groups, critical mental health issues such as major depressionRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1623 Words à |à 7 PagesStress has been identified as one of the social determinants of health. It has different meanings in various contexts, so a proper definition will give a good insight of the term. à à à à Stress can be defined as a state of emotional or mental disturbance resulting from adverse or demanding conditions. à à à à Stress can also be defined as a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental disturbance and could be a causal in disease formation. StressesRead MoreEssay about Indigenous Health1500 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"The status of Indigenous health in contemporary Australia is a result of historic factors as well as contemporary socio-economic issuesâ⬠(Hampton Toombs, 2013, p. 1). The poor health position of Indigenous Australians is a contemporary reflection of their historical treatment as Australiaââ¬â¢s traditional owners. This treatment has led to Indigenous Australians experiencing social disadvantages, significantly low socio-economic status, dispossession, poverty and powerlessness as a direct result monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-53408588980058187282020-01-01T08:15:00.001-08:002020-01-01T08:15:04.403-08:004 Reasons why Introverts Should Love Academic Writing It would be an exaggeration to say that all introverts like writing ââ¬â but if given a choice, a lot of them would choose writing an article over giving a speech to a group of people as a preferable means of imparting information. So yes, introverts do have a special relationship with writing ââ¬â even if they are not huge fans of writing in particular, they have all reasons to love academic writing. Here are some of them. 1.à Introverts are Aimed at Reflection Unlike extroverts, introverts prefer to explore their inner depths instead of receiving direct experiences. They are better at exploring the subject alone, in private, then bumping their ideas off other people. Academic writing offers an excellent opportunity to do it ââ¬â simply because delving in the subject is exactly what it requires from students. 2. Academic Writing Serves as a Way to Express Oneself Modern world in general and the world of education in particular today is almost completely extrovert-oriented. The ideas of active learning, collaboration, sharing, group activities and suchlike are all the major buzzwords of todayââ¬â¢s education. Students are supposed to learn in active cooperation with tutors and each other ââ¬â which means that introverts turn into fishes out of water. They are not just disinclined to talk and collaborate ââ¬â they are outright annoyed and exhausted by this constant commotion. In such a situation writing turns into a way to express yourself and participate in education process in a way that is closer to introverts than discussions, group projects and suchlike. 3.à More Time to Write It is, of course wrong to say that if you are an introvert you donââ¬â¢t have a life anyway and may just as well spend some time writing. No, it simply means that introverted individuals are more inclined to spend time alone; and the time they spend alone doesnââ¬â¢t wear them out, like extraverts. In other words, for them separating themselves from other people and writing down their individual thoughts without any external distraction is more natural than for extraverts. 4.à Creativity Boost No, we donââ¬â¢t mean that extraverts are less creative. What we mean is that even when dealing with an unfamiliar, boring or very complicated topic, a writing introvert is still in his/her element ââ¬â i.e., quiet, careful reflection. When getting into such a situation an extravert usually gets restless, his/her thoughts start to ramble, and he/she has a very hard time doing any work at all. An introvert, of course, also doesnââ¬â¢t enjoy writing about something that has no interest for him/her personally; but given enough time and possibilities to delve into oneââ¬â¢s own mind and other sources, something can always be arranged. When all is said and done, academic writing seems to be specifically designed for introverted individuals. One can even go as far as to say that education in general is divided into two parts: one oriented at extraverts (classroom work, group project, discussions and so on) and another ââ¬â at introverts, namely, academic writing. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-47515256235593363672019-12-24T04:01:00.001-08:002019-12-24T04:01:02.899-08:00Racism in the United States Essay - 898 Words In his essay, Robert Jensen claims that Caucasian Americans feel that in order to be considered a true American, your skin must be white in color. He uses hurricane Katrina as an example, saying that, ...one of the hurricanes most enduring legacies is the way it made visible the effect of racial and class disparities on who lived and who died... (Jensen, par. 1). According to what was shown on television, it would appear as though the black community garnered the bulk of the destruction, but when investigated closely, such an assumption would be proven to be absurd. Of course, racism has not been entirely eradicated from the American society, and no one racial group can honestly plead complete innocence to displaying racistâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The fact is that the region most affected by the hurricane was home to economically depressed people of all colors. The author attempts to single out white Americans as the only group with issues in racism, but it is evident that reverse racism exists between minorities and whites. Such can be seen in hip-hop culture, which some believe was manufactured and bred for black people. I also find it to be interesting how some Hispanic groups neglect other races for not even speaking a specific dialect of Spanish. What either of these facts fails to point out is that being American has nothing to do with your skin color. A true American is a person born on American soil or legally awarded citizenship. An American also believes in the pillars that support our great society and is prepared to do whatever it takes to maintain the freedom that American culture implies. Evidence of the reverse racism, which I mentioned earlier, lies in the 2002 CBS News article, which states of an Iranian contractor, His competitor won that city project, by promising to subcontract more of the work to other businesses owned by minorities and women (Realities of Reverse Racism, par. 5). The type of racism that would classify this example is that of a personal bias towards aShow MoreRelatedRacism in the United States787 Words à |à 3 PagesRacism is the trend of thought, or way of thinking, which attaches great importance to the notion of the existence of separate human races and superiority of races that are usually associated with inherited physical characteristics or cultural events. Racism is not a scientific theory, but a set of preconceived opinions they value the biological differences between humans, attributing superiority to some according to racial roots. Even in such ethnically diverse country as the United States, racismRead MoreRacism And The United States1053 Words à |à 5 PagesMost countries would say that the United States does not have a culture, but it is actually the opposite. There are so many cultures the United States harbors that we cannot choose just one culture as our flag. Most of them are borrowed from other countries via immigrants but there is one culture specific to the Un ited States. Black Culture is unique to the United States, and it is faced with its possible destruction. The problem is prevalent enough to spawn TV shows and movies that discuss suchRead MoreRacism At The United States926 Words à |à 4 PagesAfter being arrested in the United States, African Americans are 52% more likely to be detained than whites while facing a felony trial. For decades, Americans were being judgmental towards each other based on the complexion of another personââ¬â¢s skin. It is now 2015, and racism is still a big factor in our country. So, why does racism still exist after all these year? Racism will always be the thorn in our sides that keeps our country from truly accepting our differences and our opinions or lifestylesRead MoreRacism And The United States1178 Words à |à 5 Pages America is internationally viewed as a land where all races, ethnicities and people have equal representation and freedom of equality. Not only, is this international recogn ition what makes the United States a divergent society, but it is the principles that we were established on that makes us a well-functioning society. Although, these American principles elude to a liberating, symbolic, and personal appeal, it is internally flawed by governments beyond the beltway. Corruption is the root of allRead MoreThe Racism Of The United States2154 Words à |à 9 PagesPolitical Racism in United States Philosopher Kwame Gyekye defines the human affairs that means the experience of human beings. To distinguish relevant information and to dissect human activities, ââ¬Å"essential universalismâ⬠and ââ¬Å"contingent universalismâ⬠are defined its components and purpose with the limited discernment of humans and their undertakings. A large portion of this section is devoted the development of human behavior in this phenomena. My research paper will talk about the genre of racismRead MoreRacism During The United States1282 Words à |à 6 PagesRacism in the United States Whites seemingly have always thought they were somehow superior to colored people. Whites in England conquered half the world just to show how powerful they were. Spaniards used Native Americans as slaves to mine gold in the early days of Mexico. America relied on slaves to farm for them or perform household chores. After slavery was abolished in most countries, racism prevailed. In the United States whites established the ââ¬Å"Separate but Equalâ⬠idea. For example, whitesRead MoreRacism : The United States Of America885 Words à |à 4 PagesRacism in The United States of America Racism has been part of American History since the beginning of the Countries origin. This issue includes the mistreatment of The Native Americans that were forced out of their lands and placed on reservations to black slaves being brought here from Africa. Throughout the history of this great nation people of the U.S. have moved away from these racist beliefs, yet, it is still a relevant issue in todayââ¬â¢s society. Today slavery is no longer an institution, andRead MoreRacism Today in the United States1549 Words à |à 7 PagesRacism Today in the United States After living in a place like Bend Oregon for 18 years I havenââ¬â¢t ever noticed a difference between blacks and whites. Bend has been said to be ââ¬Å"one of the whitest places to liveâ⬠, yet I never viewed a city by its race. Being racist to me meant that it was the whites who had a problem with the blacks and whites didnââ¬â¢t want anything to do with blacks. I hadnââ¬â¢t actually seen racism in action from anyone here. Now, after watching the film Crash and reading the essaysRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : The United States1260 Words à |à 6 Pagesremember when racism and discrimination was an immense element that held people back in society. Race has always been a social construction in the United States, created in the minds of Americans and manifested through interactions but yet remains as a false determination of a human being. When we think back to earlier times many immigrants came over because of the ââ¬Å"American Dream,â⬠an idea that every citizen can have equal opportunities to achieve and live successful lives. The United States was the lighthouseRead MoreRacism And Ethnic Separation Of The United States1386 Words à |à 6 PagesRacism and ethnic separation in the United States has been a noteworthy issue subsequent to the provincial period and the slave time. Legitimately or socially endorsed benefits and rights were given to White Americans that were not allowed to Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latin Americans. European Americans (especially Anglo Americans) were conceded select benefits in matters of training, migration, voting rights, citizenship, land procurement, and criminal method monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-10401596692412466432019-12-16T00:31:00.001-08:002019-12-16T00:31:04.921-08:00Nursing Epidemiology and Health Free Essays U N I T Concepts of Health and Disease arly peoples were considered long-lived if they reached 30 years of ageââ¬âthat is, if they survived infancy. For many centuries, infant mortality was so great that large families became the tradition; many children in a family ensured that at least some would survive. Life expectancy has increased over the centuries, and today an individual in a developed country can expect to live about 71 to 79 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing: Epidemiology and Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although life expectancy has increased radically since ancient times, human longevity has remained fundamentally unchanged. The quest to solve the mystery of human longevity, which appears to be genetically programmed, began with Gregor Mendel (1822ââ¬â1884), an Augustinian monk. Mendel laid the foundation of modern genetics with the pea experiments he performed in a monastery garden. Today, geneticists search for the determinant, or determinants, of the human life span. Up to this time, scientists have failed to identify an aging gene that would account for a limited life span. However, they have found that cells have a ? nite reproductive capacity. As they age, genes are increasingly unable to perform their functions. The cells become poorer and poorer at making the substances they need for their own special tasks or even for their own maintenance. Free radicals, mutation in a cellââ¬â¢s DNA, and the process of programmed cell death are some of the factors that work together to affect a cellââ¬â¢s functioning. I E CHAPTER Concepts of Health and Disease Georgianne H. Heymann Carol M. Porth 1 ogy. There has been an increased knowledge of immune mechanisms; the discovery of antibiotics to cure infections; and the development of vaccines to prevent disease, chemotherapy to attack cancers, and drugs to control the manifestations of mental illness. The introduction of the birth control pill and improved prenatal care have led to decreased birth rates and declines in infant and child mortality. The bene? ts of science and technology also have increased the survival of infants born prematurely and of children with previously untreatable illnesses, such as immunode? ciency states and leukemia. There also has been an increase in the survival of very seriously ill and critically injured persons of all age groups. Consequently, there has been an increase in longevity, a shift in the age distribution of the population, and an increase in age-related diseases. Coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer have now replaced pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea and enteritisââ¬âthe leading causes of death in the 1900s. This chapter, which is intended to serve as an introduction to the book, is organized into four sections: health and society, historical perspectives on health and disease, perspectives on health and disease in individuals, and perspectives on health and disease in populations. The chapter is intended to provide the reader with the ability to view within a larger framework the historical aspects of health and disease and the relationship of health and disease to individuals and populations, and to introduce the reader to terms, such as etiology and pathogenesis, that are used throughout this text. HEALTH AND SOCIETY HEALTH AND DISEASE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The In? ence of Early Scholars The Nineteenth Century The Twentieth Century The Twenty-First Century PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND DISEASE IN INDIVIDUALS Health Health and Disease as States of Adaptation Disease Etiology Pathogenesis Morphology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Clinical Course PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND DISEASE IN POPULATIONS Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease Prevalence and Incidence Morbidity and Mortality Determination of Risk Factors The Framingham Study The Nursesââ¬â¢ Health Study Natural History Levels of Prevention Evidence-Based Practice and Practice Guidelines e concepts o f what constituted health and disease at the beginning of the last century were far different from those of this century. In most of the industrialized nations of the world, people now are living longer and enjoying a healthier lifestyle. Much of this has been made possible by recent advances in science and technol- T Health and Society Everyone who is born holds dual citizenship in the kingdom of the well and in the kingdom of the sick. Although we all prefer to use only the good passport, sooner or later each of us is obligated, at least for a spell, to identify ourselves as citizens of that other place. 3 4 UNIT I Concepts of Health and Disease After completing this section of the chapter, you should be able to meet the following objectives: ? Describe the concepts used to establish belief systems within a community and the effects on its health care practices ? Identify a disease believed to be generated by speci? c emotions and the characteristics ascribed to it ? Explain how m ythologizing disease can be detrimental to individuals in a society There is a long history that documents the concern of humans for their own health and well-being and that of their community. It is not always evident what particular beliefs were held by early humans concerning health and disease. Still, there is evidence that whenever humans have formed social groups, some individuals have taken the role of the healer, responsible for the health of the community by preventing disease and curing the sick. In prehistoric times, people believed that angry gods or evil spirits caused ill health and disease. To cure the sick, the gods had to be paci? ed or the evil spirits driven from the body. In time, this task became the job of the ealers, or tribal priests. They tried to pacify the gods or drive out the evil spirits using magic charms, spells, and incantations. There also is evidence of surgical treatment. Trephining involved the use of a stone instrument to cut a hole in the skull of the sick person. It is believed that this was done to release spirits responsible for illness. Prehistoric healers probably also discovered that many plants can be used as drugs. The communit y as a whole also was involved in securing the health of its members. It was the community that often functioned to take care of those considered ill or disabled. The earliest evidence of this comes from an Old Stone Age cave site, Riparo del Romio, in southern Italy. There the remains of an adolescent dwarf were found. Despite his severe condition, which must have greatly limited his ability to contribute to either hunting or gathering, the young man survived to the age of 17 years. He must have been supported throughout his life by the rest of the community, which had incorporated compassion for its members into its belief system. Communities such as this probably existed throughout prehistory; separated from each other and without any formal routes of communication, they relied on herbal medicines and group activity to maintain health. Throughout history, peoples and cultures have developed their health practices based on their belief systems. Many traditions construed sickness and health primarily in the context of an understanding of the relations of human beings to the planets, stars, mountains, rivers, spirits, and ancestors, gods and demons, the heavens and underworld. Some traditions, such as those re? ected in Chinese and Indian cultures, although concerned with a cosmic scope, do not pay great attention to the supernatural. Over time, modern Western thinking has shed its adherence to all such elements. Originating with the Greek traditionââ¬âwhich dismissed supernatural powers, although not environmental in? uencesââ¬âand further shaped by the In? uences of zodiac signs on the human body. (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine) ourishing anatomic and physiologic programs of the Renaissance, the Western tradition was created based on the belief that everything that needed to be known essentially could be discovered by probing more deeply and ever more minutely into the ? esh, its systems, tissues, cells, and DNA. 3 Through Western political and economic domination, these health beliefs now have powerful in? uence worldwide. Every society has its own ideas and beliefs about life, death, and disease. It is these perceptions that shap e the concept of health in a society. Although some customs and beliefs tend to safeguard human communities from disease, others invite and provoke disease outbreaks. The beliefs that people have concerning health and disease can change the destiny of nations. The conquering of the Aztec empire may be one example. Historians have speculated how Hernando Cortez, starting off with fewer than 600 men, could conquer the Aztec empire, whose subjects numbered millions. Historian William H. McNeill suggests a sequence of events that may explain how a tiny handful of men could subjugate a nation of millions. Although the Aztecs ? rst thought the mounted, gunpowered Spaniards were gods, experience soon showed CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Health and Disease 5 otherwise. Armed clashes revealed the limitations of horse? esh and of primitive guns, and the Aztecs were able to drive Cortez and his men from their city. Unbeknownst to the Aztecs, the Spaniards had a more devastating weapon than any ? rearm: smallpox. An epidemic of smallpox broke out among the Aztecs after their skirmishes with the Spaniards. Because the population lacked inherited or acquired immunity, the results were catastrophic. It is presumed that a quarter to a third of the population died from the initial onslaught. Even more devastating were the psychological implications of the disease: it killed only American Indians and left Spaniards unharmed. A way of life built around the old Indian gods could not survive such a demonstration of the superior power of the God the Spaniards worshipped. It is not hard to imagine then that the Indians accepted Christianity and submitted meekly to Spanish control. Although we live in an age of science, science has not eliminated fantasies about health; the stigmas of sickness and the moral meanings that they carry continue. Whereas people in previous centuries wove stories around leprosy, plague, and tuberculosis to create fear and guilt, the modern age has created similar taboos and mythologies about cancer and acquired immunode? ciency syndrome (AIDS). The myth of tuberculosis (TB) was that a person who suffered from it was of a melancholy, superior characterââ¬â sensitive, creative, a being apart. Melancholy, or sadness, made one ââ¬Å"interestingâ⬠or romantic. The general perception of TB as ââ¬Å"romanticâ⬠was not just a literary device. It was a way of thinking that insinuated itself into the sensibilities and made it possible to ignore the social conditions, such as overcrowding and poor sanitation and nutrition, that helped breed tuberculosis. The infusion of beliefs into public awareness often is surreptitious. Just as tuberculosis often had been regarded sentimentally, as an enhancement of identity, cancer was regarded with irrational revulsion, as a diminution of the self. Current accounts of the psychological aspects of cancer often cite old authorities, starting with the Greek physician Galen, who observed that ââ¬Å"melancholy womenâ⬠are more likely to get breast cancer than ââ¬Å"sanguine women. â⬠Grief and anxiety were cited as causes of cancer, as well as personal losses. Public ? gures such as Napoleon, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert A. Taf t, and Hubert Humphrey have all had their cancers diagnosed as the reaction to political defeat and the end to their political ambitions. Although distress can affect immunologic responsiveness, there is no scienti? evidence to support the view that speci? c emotions, or emotions in general, can produce speci? c diseasesââ¬âor that cancer is the result of a ââ¬Å"cancer personality,â⬠described as emotionally withdrawn, lacking self-con? dence, and depressive. These disease mythologies contribute to the stigmatizing of certain illnesses and, by extension, of those who are ill. The beliefs about health and disease have the power to trap or empower people. They may inhibit people from seeking early treatment, diminish personal responsibility for practicing healthful behaviors, or encourage fear and social isolation. Conversely, they also can be the impetus for compassion to those who are ill, for commitment to improving oneââ¬â¢s own health, and for support of efforts to improve the health status of others. In summary, what constitutes health and disease changes over time. Prehistoric times were marked by beliefs that angry gods or evil spirits caused ill health and disease. To cure the sick, the gods had to be paci? ed or the evil spirits driven from the body. Tribal healers, or priests, emerged to accomplish this task. Prehistoric healers used a myriad of treatments, including magic charms, spells, and incantations; surgical treatment; and plant medicines. Throughout history, the concept of health in a society has been shaped by its beliefs about life, death, and disease. Some beliefs and customs, such as exhibiting compassion for disabled community members, tend to safeguard human communities and increase the quality of life for all community members. Others invite and provoke disease outbreaks, such as myths about the causes of disease. Even though science and technology have advanced the understanding and treatment of disease, misconceptions and fantasies about disease still arise. In previous centuries, diseases such as leprosy, plague, and tuberculosis were fodder for taboos and mythologies; today, it is cancer and AIDS. The psychological effects of disease mythologies can be positive or negative. At their worst, they can stigmatize and isolate those who are ill; at their best, they can educate the community and improve the health of its members. Health and Disease: A Historical Perspective After completing this section of the chapter, you should be able to meet the following objectives: Describe the contributions of the early Greek, Italian, and English scholars to the understanding of anatomy, physiology, and pathology ? State two important advances of the nineteenth century that helped to pave the way for prevention of disease ? State three signi? cant advances of the twentieth century that have revolutionized diagnosis and treatment of disease ? Propose developments that will both hamper and contribute to the promotion of health and the elimination of dis ease in the twenty-? rst century It has been said that those who do not know history are condemned to repeat it. There are many contributors to the understanding of how the body is constructed and how it works, and what disease is and how it can be treated, which in turn leads to an understanding of what health is and how can it be maintained. Much of what we take for granted in terms of treating the diseases that af? ict humankind has had its origin in the past. Although they are seemingly small contributions in terms of todayââ¬â¢s scienti? c advances, it is the knowledge 6 UNIT I Concepts of Health and Disease produced by the great thinkers of the past that has made possible the many things we now take for granted. THE INFLUENCE OF EARLY SCHOLARS Knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology as we now know it began to emerge with the ancient Greeks. They were the ? rst to recognize the distinction between internal and external causes of illness. To Hippocrates and his followers, we owe the foundations of the clinical principles and the ethics that grew into modern medical science. Hippocrates (460ââ¬â377 BC) was a blend of scientist and artist. He believed that disease occurred when the four humorsââ¬âblood from the heart, yellow bile from the liver, black bile from the spleen, and phlegm from the brainââ¬âbecame out of balance. These humors were said to govern character as well as health, producing phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, and melancholic personalities. This belief paralleled the even older Chinese tradition, which was founded on the complementary principles of yin (female principle) and yang (male), whose correct proportions were essential for health. Hippocrates is identi? ed with an approach to health that dictated plenty of healthy exercise, rest in illness, and a moderate, sober diet. It was Aristotle (384ââ¬â322 BC) who, through his dissection of small animals and description of their internal Hippocrates: A blend of scientist and scholar. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine) anatomy, laid the foundations for the later scrutiny of the human body. For Aristotle, the heart was the most important organ. He believed it to be the center of the blood system as well as the center of the emotions. However, Aristotleââ¬â¢s main contributions were made to science in general. The person wh o took the next major step was Galen (AD 129ââ¬â199), a physician to the emperors and gladiators of ancient Rome. Galen expanded on the Hippocratic doctrines and introduced experimentation into the study of healing. His work came to be regarded as the encyclopedia of anatomy and physiology. He demoted the heartââ¬âin his view, the liver was primary for venous blood, whereas the seat of all thought was the brain. He described the arteries and veins and even revealed the working of the nervous system by severing a pigââ¬â¢s spinal cord at different points and demonstrating that corresponding parts of the body became paralyzed. According to Galen, the body carried three kinds of blood that contained spirits charged by various organs: the veins carried ââ¬Å"natural spiritâ⬠from the liver; the arteries, ââ¬Å"vital spiritâ⬠from the lungs; the nerves, ââ¬Å"animal spiritâ⬠from the brain. The heart merely warmed the blood. After Galenââ¬â¢s death, however, anatomic research ceased, and his work was considered infallible for almost 1400 years. As the great medical schools of universities reformed the teaching of anatomy in the early 1500s and integrated it into medical studies, it became apparent to anatomists that Galenââ¬â¢s dataââ¬âtaken from dogs, pigs, and apesââ¬âoften were riddled with error. It was only with the work of Andreas Vesalius (1514ââ¬â1564) that Galenââ¬â¢s ideas truly were challenged. Vesalius, professor of anatomy and surgery at Padua, Italy, dedicated a lifetime to the study of the human body. Vesalius carried out some unprecedentedly scrupulous dissections and used the latest in artistic techniques and printing for the more than 200 woodcuts in his De Humani Corporis Fabrica (ââ¬Å"On the Fabric [Structure] of the Human Bodyâ⬠). He showed not only what bodily parts looked like but also how they worked. The book, published in 1543, set a new standard for the understanding of human anatomy. With this work, Vesalius became a leading ? gure in the revolt against Galenââ¬â¢s teachings. One of the most historically significant discoveries was made by William Harvey (1578ââ¬â1657), an English physician and physiologist. He established that the blood circulates in a closed system impelled mechanically by a ââ¬Å"pumplikeâ⬠heart. He also measured the amount of blood in the circulatory system in any given unit of timeââ¬âone of the ? rst applications of quantitative methods in biology. Harveyââ¬â¢s work, published in On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628), provided a foundation of physiologic principles that led to an understanding of blood pressure and set the stage for innovative techniques such as cardiac catheterization. With the re? ement of the microscope by the Dutch lens maker Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632ââ¬â1723), the stage was set for the era of cellular biology. Another early user of the microscope, English scientist Robert Hooke (1635ââ¬â1703), published his Micrographia in 1665 in which CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Health and Disease 7 William Harveyââ¬â¢s most eminent patient, King Charles I, and the future King Charles II look on as Harvey displays a diss ected deer heart. (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine) he formally described the plant cells in cork and presented his theories of light and combustion and his studies of insect anatomy. His book presented the great potential of the microscope for biologic investigation. In it, he inaugurated the modern biologic usage of the word cell. A century later, German-born botanist Mathias Schleiden (1804ââ¬â1881) and physiologist Theodor Schwann (1810ââ¬â1882) observed that animal tissues also were composed of cells. Although Harvey contributed greatly to the understanding of anatomy and physiology, he was not interested in the chemistry of life. It was not until French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743ââ¬â1794), who was schooled as a lawyer but devoted to scienti? pursuits, overturned 100year-old theories of chemistry and established the basis of modern chemistry that new paths to examine body processes, such as metabolism, opened up. His restructured chemistry also gave scientists, including Louis Pasteur, the tools to develop organic chemistry. In 1796, Edward Jenner (1749ââ¬â1823) conducted the ? rst vaccination by injecting the ? uid from a dairymaidââ¬â ¢s cowpox lesion into a young boyââ¬â¢s arm. The vaccination by this English country doctor successfully protected the child from smallpox. Jennerââ¬â¢s discovery led to the development of vaccines to prevent many other diseases as well. Jennerââ¬â¢s classic experiment was the ? rst of? cially recorded vaccination. Painting by Georges-Gaston Melingue (1894). The ? rst vaccination. Here Dr. Jenner introduces cowpox taken from dairymaid Sarah Nelmes (right) and introduces it into two incisions on the arm of James Phipps, a healthy 8-year-old boy. The boy developed cowpox, but not smallpox, when Jenner introduced the organism into his arm 48 days later. (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine) THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The nineteenth century was a time of spectacular leaps forward in the understanding of infectious diseases. For many centuries, rival epidemiologic theories associated disease and epidemics like cholera with poisonous fumes given off from dung heaps and decaying matter (poisons in the air, exuded from rotting animal and vegetable material, the soil, and standing water) or with contagion (person-to-person contact). In 1865, English surgeon Joseph Lister (1827ââ¬â1912) concluded that microbes caused wound infections. He began to use carbolic acid on wounds to kill microbes and reduce infection after surgery. However, Lister was not alone in identifying hazards in the immediate environment as detrimental to health. English nurse Florence Nightingale (1820ââ¬â1910) was a leading proponent of sanitation and hygiene as weapons against disease. It was at the English base at Scutari during the Crimean War (1854ââ¬â1856) that Nightingale waged her battle. Arriving at the army hospital with a party of 38 nurses, Nightingale found nearly 2000 wounded and sick inhabiting foul, rat-infested wards. The war raged on, deluging the hospital with wounded as Nightingale not only organized the nursing care of the wounded but also provided meals, supplied bedding, and saw to the laundry. Within 6 months, she had brought about a transformation and slashed the death rate from approximately 40% to 2%. 3 8 UNIT I Concepts of Health and Disease Florence Nightingale caring for wounded at Scutari, Turkey, during the Crimean War. (Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine) From the 1860s, the rise of bacteriology, associated especially with chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur in France and bacteriologist Robert Koch in Germany, established the role of microorganismal pathogens. Almost for the ? rst time in medicine, bacteriology led directly to dramatic new cures. The technique of pasteurization is named after Louis Pasteur (1822ââ¬â1895). He introduced the method in 1865 to prevent the souring of wine. Pasteurââ¬â¢s studies of fermentation convinced him that it depended on the presence of microscopic forms of life, with each fermenting medium serving as a unique food for a speci? c microorganism. He developed techniques for culturing microbes in liquid broths. Through his work, he was able to dispel the disease theory that predominated in the mid-nineteenth century, attributing fevers to ââ¬Å"miasmas,â⬠or fumes, and laid the foundation for the germ theory of disease. The anthrax bacillus, discovered by Robert Koch (1843ââ¬â1910), was the ? rst microorganism identi? ed as a cause of illness. Kochââ¬â¢s trailblazing work also included identifying the organism responsible for tuberculosis and the discovery of a tuberculosis skin-testing material. In 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen (1845ââ¬â 1923) discovered X rays. For the ? rst time without a catastrophic event, the most hidden parts of a human body were revealed. Even though he understood that it was a signi? cant discovery, Rontgen did not initially recognize the amazing diagnostic potential of the process he had discovered. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The twentieth century was a period of revolutionary industry in the science and politics of health. Concerns about the care of infants and children and the spread of infectious disease became prevailing themes in public and political arenas alike. It was during this time that private duty and public health nursing emerged as the means of delivering health care to people in their homes and in their communities. Social service agencies like the Henry Street Settlement in New York, founded by Lillian Wald, sent nurses into tenements to care for the sick. The placement of nurses in schools began in New York City in 1902 at the urging of Wald, who offered to supply a Henry Street nurse for 1 month without charge. 5 Efforts to broaden the delivery of health care from the city to rural areas also were initiated during the early 1900s. The American Red Cross, which was reorganized and granted a new charter by Congress in 1905, established a nursing service for the rural poor that eventually expanded to serve the small town poor as well. 5 Scienti? c discoveries and innovations abounded in the twentieth century. In the early 1900s, German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich (1854ââ¬â1915) theorized that certain substances could act as ââ¬Å"magic bullets,â⬠attacking disease-causing microbes but leaving the rest of the body undamaged. In 1910, he introduced his discovery: using the arsenic compound Salvarsan, he had found an effective weapon against syphilis. Through his work, Ehrlich launched the science of chemotherapy. CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Health and Disease 9 The operating room. With the advent of anesthesia, knowledge of how microbes cause disease, and availability of incandescent lighting in the operating room, surgery became an option for treating disease. Rubber gloves had not yet been invented and the surgical team worked with bare hands to perform surgery. (Hahnemann Hospital, Chicago, IL. Courtesy Bette Clemons, Phoenix, AZ) The ? rst antibiotic was discovered in 1928 by English bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming (1881ââ¬â1955). As he studied the relationship between bacteria and the mold Penicillium, he discovered its ability to kill staphylococci. However, it was not until the 1940s that later researchers, who were searching for substances produced by one microorganism that might kill other microorganisms, produced penicillin as a clinically useful antibiotic. By the 1930s, innovative researchers had produced a cornucopia of new drugs that could be used to treat many of the most common illnesses that left their victims either severely disabled or dead. The medical community now had at its disposal medications such as digoxin to treat heart failure; sulfa drugs, which produced near-miraculous cures for infections such as scarlet fever; and insulin to treat diabetes. At the turn of the century, social service agencies like Henry Street Settlement in New York sent nurses into tenements to care for the sick. (Schorr T. M. , Kennedy S. M. [1999]. 100 years of American nursing [p. 12]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins) 10 UNIT I Concepts of Health and Disease With the discovery of insulin, a once-fatal disease known from antiquity no longer carried a death sentence. Working together, Canadian physician Sir Frederick Banting (1891ââ¬â1941) and physiologist Charles Best (1899ââ¬â1978) isolated insulin from the pancreas of a dog in 1921. The extract, when given to diabetic dogs, restored their health. In January 1922, they successfully treated a young boy dying of diabetes with their pancreatic extracts. Although still incurable, it became possible to live with diabetes. One disease that remained not only incurable but untreatable through much of the twentieth century was tuberculosis. With no cure or preventive vaccine forthcoming, efforts at the turn of the century were dedicated to controlling the spread of tuberculosis. It was then that an alliance between organized medicine and the public resulted in the formation of voluntary local organizations to battle the disease. These organizations focused on education to counteract the fear of tuberculosis; at the same time, they warned against the disease. In 1904, the local organizations joined together to form a national organization, the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. In 1918, the name was changed to the National Tuberculosis Association, which was renamed the American Lung Association in 1973. 6 The national and local tuberculosis associations played a vital role in educating the public by running campaigns urging people to have skin tests and chest x-rays as a means of diagnosing tuberculosis. Once tuberculosis was diagnosed, an individual was likely to be sent to a sanatorium or tuberculosis hospital. There, good nourishment, fresh air, and bed rest were prescribed in the belief that if the bodyââ¬â¢s natural defenses were strengthened, they would be able to overcome the tuberculosis bacillus. For almost half a century, this would be the prevailing treatment. It was not until 1945, with the introduction of chemotherapy, that streptomycin was used to treat tuberculosis. Outbreaks of poliomyelitis, which had increased in the early decades of the 1900s, served as the impetus for the work of American microbiologist Jonas Salk (1914ââ¬â1995). At its peak, the virus was claiming 50,000 victims annually in the United States. 3 Test trials of Salkââ¬â¢s vaccine with inactivated virus began in 1953, and it proved to prevent the development of polio. By 1955, the massive testing was complete, and the vaccine was quickly put into wide use. Surgical techniques also flourished during this time. A single technical innovation was responsible for opening up the last surgical frontierââ¬âthe heart. Up to this time, the heart had been out of bounds; surgeons did not have the means to take over the function of the heart for long enough to get inside and operate. American surgeon John Gibbon (1903ââ¬â1973) addressed this problem when he developed the heart-lung machine. Dramatic advances followed its successful use in 1953ââ¬âprobably none more so than the ? rst successful heart transplantation performed in 1967 by South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard (1922ââ¬â2001). For centuries, the inheritance of traits had be en explained in religious or philosophical terms. Although English naturalist Charles Darwinââ¬â¢s (1809ââ¬â1882) work dispelled long-held beliefs about inherited traits, it was Austrian bo- A tuberculosis skin testing clinic. (Schorr T. M. , Kennedy S. M. [1999]. 100 years of American nursing [p. 49]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins) CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Health and Disease 11 The ââ¬Å"iron lung,â⬠which used negative pressure to draw air into the lungs, was used to provide ventilatory support for persons with ââ¬Å"bulbar polio. â⬠(Schorr T. M. , Kennedy S. M. [1999]. 100 years of American nursing [p. 91]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins) anist Gregor Mendelââ¬â¢s (1822ââ¬â1884) revolutionary theories on the segregation of traits, largely ignored until 1902, that laid the groundwork for establishing the chromosome as the structural unit of heredity. Many other scientists and researchers contributed to the storehouse of genetic knowledge. With the work by American geneticist James Watson (1928ââ¬â) and British biophysicists Francis Crick (1916ââ¬â) and Maurice Wilkins (1916ââ¬â) in the early 1950s, which established the double-helical structure of DNA, the way to investigating and understanding our genetic heritage was opened. It is dif? cult, if not impossible, to single out all the landmark events of the twentieth century that contributed to the health of humankind. Among the other notable achievements are the development of kidney dialysis, oral contraceptives, transplant surgery, the computed axial tomography (CAT) scanner, and coronary angioplasty. Not all of the important advances in modern medicine are as dramatic as open-heart surgery. Often, they are the result of dogged work by many people and yield results only after a number of years, and then they frequently go unheralded. For example, vaccination programs, control of infectious diseases through improvements in sanitation of water and waste disposal, safer and healthier foods free from microbial contamination, identi? cation of health risks from behaviors such as smoking, and improved prenatal care all have saved many lives in the twentieth century. THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY The twenty-? rst century reveals new horizons, but also new problems. In greater numbers than ever, goods and people travel the world. There is unprecedented physical mobilityââ¬âtravel and migration from villages to cities and country to countryââ¬âand interconnectedness. However, the bene? ts of physical mobility and interconnectedness are accompanied by risks. Diseases such as AIDS remind us that nothing is regional, local, or limited in its reach: contagious illness has a worldwide arena. The challenges of maintaining health and well-being in this global community are increasingly apparent. The inadvertent introduction of pathogens poses an unrelenting threat to public health, as does the deliberate use of microorganisms as weapons (see Chapter 18 for a discussion of bioterrorism and emerging global infectious diseases). In February 2003, the viral respiratory illness named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by the World Health Organization was ? rst recognized in China. 8 In the next few months, the illness swept through parts of Asia and spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, and Europe. The disease was characterized by rapid onset and variable severity, ranging from mild illness to death. The prevention of SARS was a particular challenge because preventive interventions (e. g. , vaccines and antibiotics) were unavailable. Containment became a global collaboration, with public health authorities utilizing isolation and quarantine to focus delivery of health care to people who were ill and to protect healthy people from getting sick. During the February to July outbreak, more than 8000 people worldwide became infected, and more than 900 died. Commerce also is an integral part of the growing world community, bringing goods and services once unobtainable into the global marketplace. Expanded international trade also provides the vehicle for the unwitting introduction or transmission of disease. One such instance occurred in the spring of 2003 in the United States. A multistate outbreak of human monkeypox, ? rst identi? ed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970, was traced by investigators to pet prairie dogs. The prairie dogs became infected when they were housed or transported along with infected Gambian giant rats, dormice, and rope squirrels that were part of a shipment of small mammals from G hana. Spread of nonindigenous zoonotic pathogens to indigenous susceptible animal populations can be rapid and deadly. With such outbreaks lurks an additional dangerââ¬âthe potential for interspecies exchange, including between humans and animals such as pets. The widespread distribution of infected and potentially infected animals allowed epizootic spread of monkeypox through several states before effective interventions could be put into place. One of the challenges to the world health community will be to study the role of international travel and commerce in the emergence of infectious diseases through the dissemination of pathogens and their vectors throughout the world and then to develop long-term strategies of surveillance and intervention with the ultimate goal of curtailing their occurrence. In 1976, the World Health Organization (WHO) actually succeeded in eliminating smallpox from the face of the earth. 10 This triumph gave substance to the idea that other infections, like measles, also might disappear if suf? cient efforts were directed at worldwide campaigns to isolate and cure them. However, new infectious diseases, such as Lyme disease and Legionnaireââ¬â¢s disease, and new forms of old diseases, such as resistant strains of tuberculosis and malaria, have emerged and are readily spread 12 UNIT I Concepts of Health and Disease ing on Hippocratic doctrines and introducing experimentation into the study of healing. His work, gleaned through his role as physician to the emperors and gladiators of Rome and animal dissections, came to be regarded as the encyclopedia of anatomy and physiology and was considered infallible for almost 1400 years. Signi? cant challenges to long-held beliefs began with the work of Andreas Vesalius (1514ââ¬â1564), professor of anatomy and surgery at Padua, Italy. His published work, On the Fabric [Structure] of the Human Body, showing how the parts of the body looked and worked, set a new standard for the understanding of human anatomy. Other significant early contributions were made by scholars such as William Harvey (1578ââ¬â1657), the English physician and physiologist, who in his book, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, provided a physiologic framework for the circulation of blood; Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632ââ¬â1723), the Dutch lens maker who refined the microscope and set the stage for the era of cellular biology; and Edward Jenner (1749ââ¬â1823), the English country physician who conducted the first successful vaccination. The nineteenth century was a time of major discoveries that paved the way for understanding infectious diseases. Signi? cant contributions were made by such scientists as Joseph Lister, the English surgeon who concluded that microbes caused wound infections; German bacteriologist Robert Koch, who discovered the anthrax bacillus, thus identifying for the ? rst time a microorganism and the illness it caused; and French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, who developed the technique of pasteurization. Perhaps the most notable technical innovation of the century was the discovery of X rays by German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen. The scienti? undertakings and discoveries of the twentieth century were revolutionary. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich introduced chemotherapy, and in 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the ? rst antibiotic as he studied the relationship between bacteria and the mold Penicillium. Diseases that had once been fatal or crippling were managed or prevented by new advances, such as the discovery of insulin by Sir Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1922 and the development of the polio vaccine by Jonas Salk in 1953. Technical innovations set the stage for new surgical techniques. The creation of the heartlung machine by American surgeon John Gibbon paved the way for coronary bypass surgery and the ? rst successful heart transplantation in 1967, which was performed by Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon. Other important advances included kidney dialysis, oral contraceptives, the CAT scanner, and coronary angioplasty. Public health programs also were responsible for greatly affecting the health of populations, such as those dedicated to increasing vaccination, improving sanitation of water and waste disposal, and identifying health risks. Knowledge about the in? uence of heredity on health and disease originated with Charles Darwinââ¬â¢s (1809ââ¬â1882) evolutionary theories about inherited traits and with Gregor Mendelââ¬â¢s (1822ââ¬â1884) theories on the segregation of traits, which laid the groundwork for establishing the chromosome as the structural unit of heredity. In the early 1950s, geneticist James Watson of the United States and British biophysicists Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins presented their ? ndings on the double-helical structure of DNA. worldwide. The powerful interventions used to ? ght these infections have had the unexpected effect of accelerating their biologic evolution and making them impervious to one after another form of chemical attack. Pathogens also can be introduced into the food chain and travel worldwide. The discovery that beef from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may be the source of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease led many countries to ban beef products from the United Kingdom when BSE was found to be prevalent in English herds. The introduction of such pathogens can be the result of ignorance, carelessness, or greed. Tobacco is a product that serves as a pathogen. In a quest for ever-increasing pro? ts, the tobacco industry created a demand for its product by arti? cially raising the nicotine content of cigarettes so as to increase their addictive potential. This was done with the knowledge of the health risks of tobacco products, thanks to experiments conducted by the tobacco companiesââ¬â¢ own medical scientists, but kept secret. If there is a blueprint for future advances, it is in the genes. The twenty-? rst century is destined to be dominated by advances in genetics. With the mapping of the human genome comes hope of cure for some of the most dreaded crippling and fatal diseases. The mapping of the human genome also has posed new ethical dilemmas, for with it comes the potential to predict the future health of persons based on their genes. It soon may be possible to differentiate between persons who will develop certain debilitating diseases and those who will not. Although advances in science and technology will continue to provide new treatments for many diseases, it has become apparent that there are more impressive rewards to be had by preventing diseases from becoming established in the ? rst place. Ultimately, maintaining health is more resource conservative and cost effective than relying on the treatment of disease. Many decades ago, we learned that even though the ââ¬Å"magic bulletsâ⬠such as antibiotics had the ability to cure what was once considered incurable, much of our freedom from communicable disease is due to clean water, ef? ient sanitation, and good nutrition. We have become increasingly aware of the importance of preventive measures against noninfectious conditions, especially cancer and coronary heart disease. There is no better way to prevent disease and maintain health than by leading a healthy life, and increasingly, it will be the individual who is responsible for ensuring a healthy passage through life. In summ ary, Greek scholars were responsible for establishing the fundamentals of anatomy, physiology, and pathology that served as the earliest knowledge base for understanding health and disease. It was Hippocrates (460ââ¬â377 BC) and his followers who laid the foundations of the clinical principles and ethics that grew into modern science. Although his belief that disease occurred when the four humorsââ¬âblood, yellow and black bile, and phlegmââ¬âbecame out of balance was disproved, his approach to health that dictated plenty of healthy exercise, rest in illness, and a moderate, sober diet remains valid. Galen (AD 129ââ¬â199) took the next major step, expand- CHAPTER 1 The twenty-? rst century is predicted to be a time of great advances in the ? ld of genetics, already evidenced by the substantial mapping of the human genome that has taken place. Scientists look to genetic research to provide advances that not only will predict who may develop disease but also will provide new treatments for those diseases. However promising future advances may appear, it is readily apparent that prevention is an equally important tool in maintaining health. Concepts of Heal th and Disease 13 Perspectives on Health and Disease in Individuals After completing this section of the chapter, you should be able to meet the following objectives: ? State the World Health Organization de? nition of health ? Describe the function of adaptation as it relates to health and disease ? State a de? nition of pathophysiology ? Characterize the disease process in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical manifestations, and prognosis ? Explain the meanings of reliability, validity, sensitivity, speci? city, and predictive value as they relate to observations and tests used in the diagnosis of disease What constitutes health and disease often is dif? cult to determine because of the way different people view the topic. What is de? ned as health is determined by many factors, including heredity, age and sex, cultural and ethnic differences, as well as individual, group, and governmental expectations. HEALTH The World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 de? ned health as a ââ¬Å"state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and in? rmity. â⬠10 Although ideal for many people, this was an unrealistic goal. At the World Health Assembly in 1977, representatives of the member governments of WHO agreed that their goal was to have all citizens of the world reach a level of health by the year 2000 that allows them to live a socially and economically productive life. 10 The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services in Healthy People 2010 described the determinants of health as an interaction between an individualââ¬â¢s biology and behavior, physical and social environments, government policies and interventions, and access to quality health care. 1 with which the need to adapt occurs (see Chapter 9). Generally speaking, adaptation affects the whole person. When adapting to stresses that are threats to health, the body uses those behaviors that are the most ef? cient and effective. It does not use long-term mechanisms when short-term adaptation is suf? cient. The increase in heart rate that accompanies a febrile illness is a temporary response designed to deliver additional oxygen to ti ssues during the short period that the elevated temperature increases metabolic needs. On the other hand, hypertrophy of the left ventricle is a long-term adaptive response that occurs in persons with chronic hypertension. Adaptation is further affected by the availability of adaptive responses and the ability of the body to select the most appropriate response. The ability to adapt is dependent on the availability of adaptive responsesââ¬âthe greater number of available responses, the more effective the capacity to adapt. Adaptive capacity is decreased with extremes of age and with disease conditions that limit the availability of adaptive responses. The immaturity of the infant impairs the ability to adapt, as does the decline in functional reserve that occurs in the elderly. For example, infants have dif? culty concentrating urine because of the immaturity of their renal tubular structures and therefore are less able than an older child or adult to cope with decreased water intake or exaggerated water losses. Similarly, persons with preexisting heart disease are less able to adapt to health problems that require recruitment of cardiovascular responses. Adaptation also is less effective when changes in health status occur suddenly rather than gradually. For instance, it is possible to lose a liter of blood through chronic gastrointestinal bleeding without developing signs of shock. On the other hand, a sudden hemorrhage that causes the loss of an equal amount of blood is apt to produce hypotension and circulatory shock. Even in advanced disease states, the body retains much of its adaptive capacity and is able to maintain the internal environment within relatively normal limits. DISEASE The term pathophysiology, which is the focus of this book, may be de? ned as the physiology of altered health. The term combines the words pathology and physiology. Pathology (from the Greek pathos, meaning ââ¬Å"diseaseâ⬠) deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease. Physiology deals with the functions of the human body. Thus, pathophysiology deals not only with the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease but also with the effects that these changes have on total body function. Pathophysiology also focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease and provides the background for preventive as well as therapeutic health care measures and practices. A disease has been de? ned as any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms or signs; the etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. 12 The aspects HEALTH AND DISEASE AS STATES OF ADAPTATION The ability of the body to adapt both physically and psychologically to the many stresses that occur in both health and disease is affected by a number of factors, including age, health status, psychosocial resources, and the rapidity 14 UNIT I Concepts of Health and Disease f the disease process include the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course. ity, the progression from fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in persons with coronary heart disease represents the pathogenesis of the disorder. The true etiology of atherosclerosis remains largely uncertain. Etiology The causes of disease are known as etiologic factors. Among the recognized etiologic agents are biologic agents (e. g. , bacteria, viruses), physical forces (e. g. , trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (e. g. , poisons, alcohol), and nutritional excesses or de? its. At the molecular level, it is important to distinguish between sick molecules and molecules that cause disease. 13 This is true of diseases such as cystic ? brosis, sickle cell anemia, and familial hypercholesterolemia, in which genetic abnormality of a single amino acid, transporter molecule, or receptor protein produces widespread effects on health. Most disease-causing agents are nonspeci? c, and many different agents can cause disease of a single organ. For example, lung disease can result from trauma, infection, exposure to physical and chemical agents, or neoplasia. With severe lung involvement, each of these agents has the potential to cause respiratory failure. On the other hand, a single agent or traumatic event can lead to disease of a number of organs or systems. For example, severe circulatory shock can cause multiorgan failure. Although a disease agent can affect more than a single organ, and a number of disease agents can affect the same organ, most disease states do not have a single cause. Instead, most diseases are multifactorial in origin. This is particularly true of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. The multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease often are referred to as risk factors. One way to view the factors that cause disease is to group them into categories according to whether they were present at birth or acquired later in life. Congenital conditions are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until later in life. Congenital malformation may be caused by genetic in? uences, environmental factors (e. g. , viral infections in the mother, maternal drug use, irradiation, or intrauterine crowding), or a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Not all genetic disorders are evident at birth. Many genetic disorders, such as familial hypercholesterolemia and polycystic kidney disease, take years to develop. Acquired defects are those that are caused by events that occur after birth. These include injury, exposure to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune responses, and neoplasia. Many diseases are thought to be the result of a genetic predisposition and an environmental event or events that serve as a trigger to initiate disease development. Morphology Morphology refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Morphologic changes are concerned with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease. Histology deals with the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. The most common method used in the study of tissues is the preparation of histologic sections that can be studied with the aid of a microscope. Because tissues and organs usually are too thick to be examined under a microscope, they must be sectioned to obtain thin, translucent sections. Histologic sections play an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancer. A lesion represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue. Descriptions of lesion size and characteristics often can be obtained through the use of radiographs, ultrasonography, and other imaging methods. Lesions also may be sampled by biopsy and the tissue samples subjected to histologic study. Clinical Manifestations Disease can be manifest in a number of ways. Sometimes, the condition produces manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the person is sick. Other diseases are silent at the onset and are detected during examination for other purposes or after the disease is far advanced. Signs and symptoms are terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease. A symptom is a subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder, whereas a sign is a manifestation that is noted by an observer. Pain, dif? culty in breathing, and dizziness are symptoms of a disease. An elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size are objective signs that can be observed by someone other than the person with the disease. Signs and symptoms may be related to the primary disorder, or they may represent the bodyââ¬â¢s attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition. Many pathologic states are not observed directlyââ¬âone cannot see a sick heart or a failing kidney. Instead, what can be observed is the bodyââ¬â¢s attempt to compensate for changes in function brought about by the disease, such as the tachycardia that accompanies blood loss or the increased respiratory rate that occurs with pneumonia. It is important to recognize that a single sign or symptom may be associated with a number of different disease states. For example, an elevated temperature can indicate the presence of an infection, heat stroke, brain tumor, or any number of other disorders. A differential diagnosis that describes the origin of a disorder usually requires information regarding a number of signs and symptoms. For example, the presence of fever, a reddened sore throat, and positive throat culture describe a ââ¬Å"strep throatâ⬠infection. A syndrome is a compilation of signs and symptoms (e. g. , chronic fatigue syndrome) that are characteristic of a speci? c disease state. Complications are possible adverse ex- Pathogenesis Pathogenesis is the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease. Etiology describes what sets the disease process in motion, and pathogenesis, how the disease process evolves. Although the two terms often are used interchangeably, their meanings are quite different. For example, atherosclerosis often is cited as the cause or etiology of coronary heart disease. In real- CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Health and Disease 15 ensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment. Sequelae are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease. Diagnosis A diagnosis is the designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem (e. g. , bacterial pneumonia or hemorrhagic stroke). The diagnostic process usually requires a careful history and physical examination. The history is used to obtain a personââ¬â¢s account of his or her symptoms, their progression, and the fa ctors that contribute to a diagnosis. The physical examination is done to observe for signs of altered body structure or function. The development of a diagnosis involves weighing competing possibilities and selecting the most likely one from among the conditions that might be responsible for the personââ¬â¢s clinical presentation. The clinical probability of a given disease in a person of a given age, sex, race, lifestyle, and locality often is in? uential in arriving at a presumptive diagnosis. Laboratory tests, radiologic studies, CT scans, and other tests often are used to con? rm a diagnosis. Normality. An important factor when interpreting diagnostic test results is the determination of whether they are normal or abnormal. Is a blood count above normal, within the normal range, or below normal? Normality usually determines whether further tests are needed or if interventions are necessary. What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from test results obtained from a selected sample of people. The normal values refer to the 95% distribution (mean plus or minus two standard deviations [mean à ± 2 SD]) of test results for the reference population. 14 Thus, the normal levels for serum sodium (135 to 145 mEq/L) represent the mean serum level for the reference population à ± 2 SD. The normal values for some laboratory tests are adjusted for sex or age. For example, the normal hemoglobin range for women is 12. 0 to 16. 0 g/dL and for men, 14. 0 to 17. 4 g/dL. 15 Serum creatinine level often is adjusted for age in the elderly (see Chapter 36), and normal values for serum phosphate differ between adults and children. Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, Speci? city, and Predictive Value. The quality of data on which a diagnosis is based may be judged for its reliability, validity, sensitivity, speci? city, and predictive value. 6,17 Reliability refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result. A poorly calibrated blood pressure machine may give inconsistent measurements of blood pressure, particularly of pressures in either the high or low range. Reliability also depends on the persons making the measurements. For example, blood pressure measurements may vary from one observer to another because of the technique that is used (e. g. , different observers may de? ate the cuff at a different rate, thus obtaining different values), the way the numbers on the manometer are read, or differences in hearing acuity. Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure. This often is assessed by comparing a measurement method with the best possible method of measure that is available. For example, the validity of blood pressure measurements ob- tained by a sphygmomanometer might be compared with those obtained by intraarterial measurements. Measures of sensitivity and speci? city are concerned with determining how well the test or observation identi? es people with the disease and people without the disease. Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (called a true-positive result). Speci? city refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (called a true-negative result). A test that is 95% speci? c correctly identi? es 95 of 100 normal people. The other 5% are false-positive results. A false-positive test result, particularly for conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, can be unduly stressful for the person being tested (see Chapter 22). In the case of HIV testing, a positive result on the initial antibody test is followed up with a more sensitive test. On the other hand, false-negative test results in conditions such as cancer can delay diagnosis and jeopardize the outcome of treatment. Predictive value is the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition. A positive predictive value refers to the proportion of true-positive results that occurs in a given population. In a group of women found to have ââ¬Å"suspect breast nodulesâ⬠in a cancer-screening program, the proportion later determined to have breast cancer would constitute the positive predictive value. A negative predictive value refers to the true-negative observations in a population. In a screening test for breast cancer, the negative predictive value represents the proportion of women without suspect nodules who do not have breast cancer. Although predictive values rely in part on sensitivity and speci? city, they depend more heavily on the prevalence of the condition in the population. Despite unchanging sensitivity and speci? ity, the positive predictive value of an observation rises with prevalence, whereas the negative predictive value falls. Clinical Course The clinical course describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute, subacute, or chronic course. An acute disorder is one that is relatively severe, but selflimiting. Chronic disease implies a continu ous, long-term process. A chronic disease can run a continuous course, or it can present with exacerbations (aggravation of symptoms and severity of the disease) and remissions (a period during which there is a lessening of severity and a decrease in symptoms). Subacute disease is intermediate or between acute and chronic: it is not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as a chronic disease. The spectrum of disease severity for infectious diseases such as hepatitis B can range from preclinical to persistent chronic infection. During the preclinical stage, the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease. As with hepatitis B, it is possible to How to cite Nursing: Epidemiology and Health, Essay examples monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-8174209044826066112019-12-07T21:13:00.001-08:002019-12-07T21:13:04.908-08:00Student Enrollment System Development in Java - myassignmenthelp Question: Discuss about theStudent Enrollment System Development in Java. Answer: Introduction The Student information system is developed in order to easily insert, retrieve and manage the student data along with their academic details. We have used and implemented multiple classes in order to complete the tasks such as inserting student data, subjects and their enrollments in different courses. The project is developed using the Java swing Framework. Features of the developed system In order to create the GUI for the application we have used the JFrame which is the component of the Java Swing Class. The javax.swing.JFrame class is a container that inherits the java.awt.Frame class. This helps in developing the GUI for the applications and add different other components to the Jframe that builds the user form for the user through which they can interact with the application. The JFrame acts as the main window where components are added such as (buttons, labels, text fields or other I/O components). In this application, the main function is contained in the home class of the applications package. In this student subject and enrollment system we have added six buttons that will help the user to complete six different operations. These functionalities are, Insert Student details, Retrieve Student details, Insert Subject details for a new subject, Retrieve Subject details. In addition to that other functionalities like Inserting enrolment details, Retrieving enrolment details. Whenever a user clicks a button on the home page or the Main GUI of this application it will invoke a corresponding Jframe which will have different other components that will help the users to complete the operations. For this applications we have also implemented try-catch error handling options that will inform the user about any issues while operating the applications. Explanation for the used methods When the application is execute and the user clicks on the insert Enrollment button it will open a new Jframe which will contain two text fields and two buttons which are Subject code and Student ID who is enrolling to the subject when the user click on the submit it will lead to storing of the provided data to the Database when the application is connected to the database. Different classes are imported in other classes of this application package which required to call and complete the relevant data between the forms. The application is also implemented by using the Java event Listener and action listeners. The action listener is an interface which is used in order to receive the action events. At the point the action event happens as a result of users activity the related actionPerformed method is invoked in order to complete the specified steps. When the user clicks on the button to retrieve the data related to enrollment we have used the JRadioButton on the GUI so that the user can select according to which the user needs to retrieve the enrollment data. If the user selects the retrieval of data selecting the Student ID, then the application will show the subject to which the student is enrolled. On the other hand when the user selected the subject code then it will show the list of students who are enrolled under that specific subject. When the user clicks on the Insert Student, then in the next JFrame the users will need to provide the ID, family name, First name, address and phone number of the student. In order to store the data in the database. In order to retrieve data and show the selected data as for the students and subjects we have implemented three classes which are Enrolement, Student and subject. In order to save or store the data entered by the user it is important to connect the application using the JDBC connector. After the successful connection to the database the data from the different Jframe will be stored in the respective tables. Conclusion The core functionality for the proposed application is completed in the following parts. In the developed application it is possible to insert a new student or subject, retrieve the details of a student and enroll a student to a subject. Also the retrieve subject, enroll and student is implemented in similar way which are working properly. A new student or subject can be inserted and viewed. Furthermore the error handling for several issues are completely implemented for the application. Bibliography Almonte, N. A., Stubbs, W. R. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,863,015. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Gibson, R. A. (2015). Building a Simple Global Security Application. In Swing for Jython (pp. 15-19). Apress. Mbarki, S., Laaz, N., Gotti, S., Gotti, Z. (2016). ADM-based migration from JAVA swing to RIA applications.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS),8(2), 98-112. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-5058963145788695442019-11-30T08:56:00.001-08:002019-11-30T08:56:02.900-08:00My Dog, My Best Friend free essay sample There are few moments within a personââ¬â¢s life that can be considered life defining. For many people a life defining moment can consist of a new person into their life, or a new idea or invention that came to mind. For me my life defining moments are not all the same. While I have great moments and simple moments, many are so incredible that I could not begin to describe. However there is one moment in particular that is describable and very ââ¬Å"life definingâ⬠. It was in the middle of sixth grade, my life was headed in a direction that was not suitable for a typical Christian teenager. I was slacking off in my work and my life was just not headed in the direction that is Christ honoring. I thought that it would take a miracle for me to get back on track. Well it was a far cry from a miracle but it was a life defining moment none the less. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dog, My Best Friend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was about 13 and can still remember clearly the event and how it took place. I came home from school on the day of my birth with a long face and a heavy load on my shoulders. Iââ¬â¢m not sure what was weighing me down, but I knew that something was dragging my spirit. Little did I know that it was all about to change, I walked through the door and entered my house to find my mom and my sister talking in the kitchen. I made it about half way to the couch when something attacked my leg. To my surprise it was a new puppy. This puppy was no ordinary puppy it was a germen short haired pointer. It had brown spots all over its white-hair body. Needless to say I was a bit surprised, but all in all I found this puppy to be a great stress relief, and I know I donââ¬â¢t have to tell you that a typical 13 year old has a ton of stress. Throughout the years this little puppy has become a great object of my affection, He has helped me out of many ordeals by both friendship and as an ââ¬Å"scapegoatâ⬠. I have always found that I can talk to him no matter what and He always listens. While it is true dog is manââ¬â¢s best friend, this one has become like the brother I never had. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-50745678786118640182019-11-26T02:42:00.001-08:002019-11-26T02:42:02.486-08:00Nicaragua1 essaysNicaragua1 essays Have you ever wanted to go to a place during our winter season that is warm or hot most of the year? Well, most people choose Florida, or California. But, why not go out of the country this winter and try the largest country of Central America, Nicaragua. I did lots of research on Nicaragua, and I hope you learn as much as I did. To begin my report, I will give you some brief history. The first inhabitants of Nicaragua were the Nicaro Indians. This way of life was blended with Spanish settlers when they first came. The name of this tribe was from a great Indian chief, whose name was also Nicaro. This chief was so famous that the country of Nicaragua was also gotten from his name. Next, I will tell you about the land of Nicaragua. It is located in Central America, and is the largest country there. It is on the continent of North America. Nicaragua is 50,193 square miles (130,000 square kilometers). Honduras borders Nicaragua in the north, and it is bordered by Costa Rica on the south. There are two oceans that border Nicaragua. On the east, there is the Carribean Sea and on the west is the Pacific Ocean. Nicaragua has many different types of land forms. There are mostly volcanoes, some active, behind the coastal plains and along the Pacific border. The active volcanoes cause some danger to the coastal cities, but there haven't been any serious accidents. The largest volcano in Nicaragua, the Santiago Volcano, lies south of Nicaragua's capital city. Lots of steam rises from the little holes that surround the volcanoes. East of these volcanic regions are the Central Highlands. This part of Nicaragua is rainy and has some evergreen and deciduous forests dotted around. The forest's floors are flat, not hilly like some other regions. Very few people live in this forest-like place. There are also some lakes in Nicaragua. One lake, Lake Nicaragua, is the largest one in Nicaragua and Central America. The other lake ... monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-51906432341367017802019-11-22T10:05:00.001-08:002019-11-22T10:05:03.038-08:00How to Hydrate and Lubricate Your Dry EyesHow to Hydrate and Lubricate Your Dry Eyes In order to keep your eyes hydrated, they need to stay lubricated. If you lose the lubrication, your eyes will get irritated very quickly. That can lead to eye strain and other problems. Follow these tips to help alleviate eye dryness and irritation. Keep Your Body Hydratedà If your body does not have enough water in it, your eyes will not have the moisture they need to stay sufficiently hydrated. Unblock Your Tear Ducts Your tear ducts can get stopped up. Try unblocking them to get your eyes natural lubrication system working again. Blink This may sound silly, but its an important reminder. If you are focused on something for a long time, such as a computer monitor, its likely that youre not blinking as much as you normally would- or as much as you need to sufficiently disperse your tears. Take a short break to rest your eyes. Use Artificial Tears Artificial tears are a good way to lubricate your eyes if you dont produce enough tears naturally. Make sure you use artificial tear drops, not red-eye reducers or other types of eye drops. These can dry your eyes out. Speak to your eye doctor about what artificial tears option might be best for you. Take Out Your Contactsà If you wear contact lenses, take them out for a while. Contacts dry out easily and require lubrication. Look into changing your contacts to a more breathable type of lens, and avoid sleeping in your lenses- even if you wear a type that allows you to do so. Sleep with Lubricationà If your eyes are dry while you are asleep, that irritation can carry through the day. Use of an eye mineral oil lubricant before you go to sleep can help. Talk to your eye doctor about the best type for your problem. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-28075461658117907812019-11-20T22:32:00.001-08:002019-11-20T22:32:02.835-08:00Optical Communication and Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsOptical Communication and Networks - Essay Example The concept of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and DWDM has also been introduced. Finally, the latest trends in optical communication and networks are briefly explained. Optical communication system is similar to any kind of communication system, as far as the basics are concerned. The major difference in optical and other communication models is the additional requirement of a source (for conversion of signal from electrical to optical domain), receiver (for conversion from optical to electrical domain) and use of fibre as media in place of conventional copper wire or microwave. The use of glass fibre or optical fibre features a number of advantages that make it a formidable media, in comparison to others. One of the most important assets of optical communication is the availability of enormous potential bandwidth to the tune of hundreds of GHz. The potential cannot be fully harnessed owing to electrical domain limitation. However, technologies like WDM or DWDM are evolving to optimize the available bandwidth usage. Being fabricated from glass, the fibre does no have earth loop or interface problem as are evident in electrical media. The optical communication is immune to interference from radio frequency and electromagnetic radiations or EMP (electromagnetic pulses) as they act as dielectric waveguides. There are practically insignificant radiations from fibre which enhance security of signal in a communication system. Other advantages include low weight, small size, flexible, reliable, easily maintainable, low transmission losses and cost effective. The requirement for capacity is increasing at a fast rate in the present day networks. Growth of worldwide web and Internet are the primary causes for this increase. Every four to six months, the need is almost doubling. Available broadband access technologies like Digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modems etc. provide bandwidths of 1Mbps and 28 to 56 kbps per user, respectively. With online businesses company networks with their distant locations and the clients, the bandwidth requirement is will soon rise to level where, the only solution would remain to switch to optical networks. Optical networks can be broadly divided into two generations. The first generation optical networks were solely used to enhance capacity to stand alone communication links while; the second-generation networks encompass the issues of routing and switching. In the subsequent paragraphs we will discuss optical communication and networks with reference to the various components and devices in greater details. We shall initially cover the basic theory behind transmission, attenuation and distortion of optical signal in the fibre. Optical Transmission Basics Optical fibre acts as a cylindrical waveguide with an inner core and outer cladding of differing refractive index as shown in Figure 1, core refractive index being greater than clad refractive index. The light traverses in the core as well as in the cladding. To illustrate the transmission of light, let's consider ray theory. Figure 1: Structure of optical fibre (adopted from Senior, John M.) The refractive index of monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-7657690266990962292019-11-19T03:23:00.001-08:002019-11-19T03:23:03.155-08:00Sweetwater State Universitys Appraisal System EssaySweetwater State Universitys Appraisal System - Essay Example Decisively, the expertsââ¬â¢ recommendations will have a definite impact through the proposed appraisal system because the administrators are required to pay more attention when evaluating their staff members. Moreover, through the vice president, the secretarial and clerical performance evaluation will be more productive and entail fairness to all the staff members. à Nonetheless, the proposed way of conducting the appraisal does not fully exploit the abilities of any appraisal; normally because the salary-increase aspect is still the core factor. Moreover, it will definitely increase a certain level of accuracy but there are limitations as the administrators will just examine a few things off the staff acting as the ââ¬Ëdeal breakersââ¬â¢. Resolutely, the feedback will not be fully valid especially because the university is using the graphics rate forms and the administrators are required to rank the staff by force. à The graphics rating forms are essential to the Sweetwater State University since it is easy and takes less time to develop, the administrators compare the staff quantitatively, and the forms do not give the administrators a hard time during the evaluation or when developing them. Additionally, the graphics rating forms are also a practice of fairness to the staff, simply because the evaluation follows the same criteria for all of them; moreover, most people agree that it is most valued and permissible but some question its development and validity that need clear guidelines. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-89607146539705066592019-11-16T15:54:00.001-08:002019-11-16T15:54:02.802-08:00Dropout of school Essay Example for Free Dropout of school Essay The Huffington Post recently ran an article entitled, Americas School Dropout Epidemic By The Numbers about Americas dropout problem. I would like to add my opinions about why children drop out of school. I am a professional educator who served as a classroom teacher, school counselor and school administrator in the New York City school system for over 33 years. I believe that there are five major reasons why children leave school: 1. The students themselves They make wrong decisions. They get involved with gangs, drugs/alcohol, get pregnant and commit crimes. Many have a poor school attitude and are frequently bored by school. They are disconnected to their families, school and life. They do not see the reasons they need to go to school. They are not involved in school activities and lack self-esteem. Some have been promoted lacking skills needed for promotion. Some have undergone major illnesses and have missed too many days of school and have been informed that they will be held back. Because of many of the conditions listed above, they have been suspended and have fallen behind in their work and see little purpose of returning to school. 2. The family they come from There is often a clash between the family values and those of the school. Frequently, their parents have dropped out of school themselves. The students come from families from low socio-economic backgrounds, where there are many other children. Older children often have to go to work in order to supply the family with much-needed funds for basic family needs or need to stay home to take care of younger siblings so that their parents can work. Many children come from non-English speaking homes with high mobility. Single parent homes have become the norm in the United States. Many children are products of divorce, separation or, sometimes, family violence. hey are not being raised by parents, but rather by aunts, uncles and grandparents. Families are not meeting some childrens basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. 3. The community they come from Many children live on the wrong side of the tracks in places where education is not valued, where drugs, gangs and violence abound. And where schools are low-performing, they often lack community and health support. 4. The schools they attend The schools are toxic to student learning, students, parents and staff. Students are suspended for minor infractions (such as talking back to the teacher), or placed in remedial classes. The schools have a culture of low expectations. They lack adequate guidance counseling. The curriculum is not relevant to the needs of the students being taught. Passive instructional strategies are being used without regard to individual student learning styles. Teachers are not trained in the latest teaching/learning/technology techniques. Funding is based on property values so that low-income neighborhoods receive less funding than wealthy neighborhoods. Because some states pass budgets in a less than timely matter, teachers are not hired in time producing over-sized classrooms. 5. The teachers they have The least-experienced, least classroom-trained teachers are often assigned to the most difficult schools. They enter the field with the expectation that they have been adequately prepared by the schools of education with the skills they need and they havent received. (See Arthur Levine, Educating School Teachers) They are leaving the field faster than colleges can prepare them. The teacher dropout rate is higher than the student dropout rate. Forty-six percent of teachers leave the field within five years. When asked why they leave, a majority state that they havent been properly prepared, have had increased demands placed on them because of high stakes testing and are not getting adequate support from their supervisors in dealing with classroom discipline. Like all generalities, there are exceptions to the information provided above. But, by and large, the statistics bear them out. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4539685644265259946.post-33549247151501570022019-11-14T04:25:00.001-08:002019-11-14T04:25:03.937-08:00Immanuel, Kant (1724-1804) Essay examples -- essays research papers Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in the East Prussian town of Kà ¶nigsberg and lived there practically all his life. He came from a deeply pious Lutheran family, and his own religious convictions formed a significant background to his philosophy. Like Berkeley, he felt it was essential to preserve the foundations of Christian belief. Kant became Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Kà ¶nigsberg in 1770 and taught there for most of his life. He was also greatly interested in science and published works on astronomy and geophysics. His three most significant works were published later in life. The Critique of Pure Reason came out in 1781, followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment. The Critique of Pure Reason is one of the most important works in the whole of philosophy. Unfortunately it is also one of the most unreadable - Kant himself described it as dry and obscure. Kant had generally been an outgoing and friendly man but towards the end of his life his mental faculties and his sight deteriorated badly. He died a shadow of his former self, aged 80. One of his most quoted sayings is carved on his gravestone in Kà ¶nigsberg: "Two things fill my mind with ever-increasing wonder and awe, the more often and the more intensely the reflection dwells on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me". IDEAS Kant believed that there are clear limits to what we can know. You could perhaps say that the mind's "glasses" set these limits. The philosophers before Kant had discussed the really "big" questions - for instance, whether man has an immortal soul, whether there is a God, whether nature consists of tiny indivisible particles, and whether the universe is finite or infinite. Kant believed there was no certain knowledge to be obtained on these questions. In such great philosophical questions, he thought that reason operates beyond the limits of what we humans can comprehend. At the same time there is in our nature a basic desire to pose these questions. When, for example, we ask whether the universe has always existed, we are asking about a totality of which we ourselves are a tiny part. We can therefore never completely know this totality. According to Kant there are two elements that contribute to our knowledge of the world - sensory perception and re... ...etimes you might only be kind and helpful to others because you know it pays off. It could be a way of becoming popular. But if this is your only motive you are not acting out of respect for moral law. You might be acting in accordance with moral law - and that could be fair enough - but if it is to be a moral action, you must have conquered yourself. Only when you do something purely out of duty can it be called a moral action. Kant's ethics is therefore sometimes called duty ethics. Kant also advocated the establishment of a "league of nations". In his treatise Perpetual Peace, he wrote that all countries should unite in order to assure peaceful coexistence between nations. He believed that man's "practical reason" would force the nations to emerge from the wild state of nature which creates wars, and make a contract to keep the peace. Kant recognised that this would take time to achieve but he saw it as our duty to work for the universal and lasting securing of peace. About 125 years after the appearance of Kant's treatise in 1795, the League of Nations was founded, after the First World War. After the Second World War it was replaced by the United Nations. monsdadeadsli1970http://www.blogger.com/profile/03056122665086301780noreply@blogger.com0